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Clinical Pathology > Upper respiratory tract infections > Flashcards

Upper respiratory tract infections Flashcards

1
Q

what are flora of upper respiratory tract infections.

A

Steptococcus viridans, commensal neisseria, diphtheroids, anaerobes

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2
Q

what respiratory pathogen may be carried asymptomatically

A

streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenza, streptococcus pyognes.

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3
Q

names of pathogens which might involve transients colonisation post antibiotics

A

coliforms, pseudomonas, candida.

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4
Q

3 most common bacterial causes of upper respiratory tract infection.

A

haemophilius influenza
moraxella catarrhalis
streptococcus pnemoniae.

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5
Q

what are the viral causes of upper respiratory tract infections

A 
adenovirus
Epstein Barr virus
Herpes simplex
Influenza and parainfluenza virus.
respiratory syncytical virus(RSV)
rhinovirus
enterovirus
coronaviruses
human metapneumovirus.
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6
Q

most common form of transmission of a upper respiratory tract infection

A

cough and sneezes

droplet spread.

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7
Q

most common causes of the common cold and its symptoms

A

rhinovirus,

nasal discharge, sneezing, sore throat.

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8
Q

clinical signs of rhinosinusitis

A

facial pain over sinus, reduction in smell, nasal blockage and sniffling.

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9
Q

bacterial and viral respiataory infections are most common in

A

children

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10
Q

most common causes of rhinosinusitus

A

• Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus milleri group, anaerobes, fungal

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11
Q

complications of chronic sinusitis

A

Osteomyelitis, meningitis, cerebral abscess

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12
Q

what are sinus washouts used for

A

treatment and diagnosis of rhino sinusitis.

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13
Q

most common causes of tonsillitis (bacterial and viral)

A

viral- RSV, influenza, adenovirus, EBV, HSV1.

Bacterial- streptococcus pyogenes

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14
Q

what is used to to diagnose tonsillitis

A

throat swabs and rapid antigen testing.

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15
Q

most common signs and symptoms of tonsillitis

A

sore throat, dysphagia, fever, headache, red tonsillar/uvular area, lymphadenopathy.

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16
Q

what aspect of the history is unusual up important for tonsillitis

A

sex history- • Chlamydia and gonorrhoea are causes of tonsillitis

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17
Q

complications of group A streptococcal infections

A

acute glomerulonephritis/ rheumatic fever/scarlet fever

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18
Q

diagnosis of group A streptococcal infections

A

throat swab or ASOT antibody test.

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19
Q

what age group commonly gets group A streptococcal infections

A

children

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20
Q

common symptoms of EBV

A

– Sorethroat, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly

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21
Q

complication of EBV

A

splenic rupture

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22
Q

common symptoms of diphtheria

A

malaise, fatigue fever and sore throat.

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23
Q

what term is used to describe the look of epiglottitis

A

cherry red.

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24
Q

what causes epiglottis

A

airway obstruction

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25
Q

treatment for group A streptococcal infections

A

penicillin

26
Q

treatment for diptheria

A

• Erythromycin/ penicillin/antitoxin

27
Q

clinical signs of epiglottis

A

fever, irratible, difficulty speaking and swallowing, drools and strider/hoarse voice

28
Q

diagnosis of epiglottis

A

lateral neck x-ray- swollen epiglottis

blood culture

29
Q

why mustn’t you swab the throat of a patient who is suspected to have got epiglottis unless you have incubated them

A

airway can close up resulting in lack of breathing

30
Q

treatment for epiglottis

A

maintain airway, cefotaxime

31
Q

clinical signs of acute laryngitis

A

Hoarse/husky voice, globus pharyngeus (lump in throat), fever, myalgia, dysphagia, temperature.

32
Q

is laryngitis bacterial or viral infection (most commonly)

A

viral

33
Q

clinical signs of of acute laryngotracheobronchitis

A
  • sharp stridulous voice

* Inflammation of larynx and trachea after infection of upper airways

34
Q

pathogen that cause whooping cough

A

• Bordetella pertussis

35
Q

diagnosis of whooping cough

A

pernasal swab and then PCR

36
Q

what are the 2 phases of whooping cough

A

catarrhal phase- runny nose, fever, malaise

later-dry non productive cough which becomes whooping

37
Q

treatment for whooping cough

A

supportive and erythromycin

38
Q

complications of whooping cough

A

ottis media, pneumonaie, convulsion, subconjunctival haemorrhages

39
Q

prevention of whooping cough

A

vaccination

40
Q

define otitis externa•

A

Infection of the external auditory canal (EAC)

41
Q

common signs of otitis externa

A

Pain, itch, swelling and erythema, otorrhoea

42
Q

main 3 types of otitis extern

A

acute OE, chronic OE and malignant OE.

43
Q

main organism which cause otitis externa acute

A

skin types – S. aureus (likely if pustular) and Pseudomonas spp.(esp. after swimming)- staphs and streps.

44
Q

diagnosis of otitis externa acute

A

swab EAC (external auditory canal)

45
Q

treatment of otitis externa acute

A

toilet with saline and/or alcohol and acetic acid. Wick insertion.
• Topical drops (these may contain antibiotics, antifungals and steroids)

46
Q

most common pathogen causing otitis externa malignant

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

47
Q

treatment for malignant ottisis externa malignant

A

-6 weeks altogether e.g. with iv ceftazidime then ciprofloxacin po- antipseudomonal antibiotics.

48
Q

what groups of people commonly get ottisis externa malignant

A

Elderly, diabetics, immunosuppressed

49
Q

define ottitis media

A

• Middle ear inflammation. Fluid present in the middle ear.

50
Q

clinical symptoms of otitis media

A

• Fever, pain, impaired hearing. Red bulging tympanic membrane

51
Q

common causes of otitis media

A

• VIRAL. H influenzae, S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis

52
Q

what discharge occurs for ear during otitis externa malignant

A

pus

53
Q

diagnosis of otitis media

A

pus from ear

54
Q

treatment for otitis media

A

nothing

if really unwell- amoxicilin

55
Q

define mastoiditis

A

• Inflammation of the mastoid air cells after middle ear infection

56
Q

diagnosis of mastoiditis

A

bacterial samples

CT

57
Q

common effect secondary to mastoiditis

A

acute osteomyelitis.

58
Q

treatment for mastoiditis

A

treatment is co-amoxiclav (amoxicillin-clavulanate)- given over along period of time as it is a bone infection.

59
Q

how do you make a diagnosis of a upper respiratory tract infection

A
  • Culture- 24 hr result.
  • Sensitivity testing
  • Reference laboratory work (typing, toxin detection)
  • Serology and antibody detection- IgG and IgM with glandular fever.
60
Q

common antibiotics used to treat bacterial upper respiratory tract infections

A
  • Penicillin and amoxicillin

* Erythromycin

Clinical Pathology (45 decks)

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