Antivirals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages in the pathogenesis of HIV

A

1) HIV contracted
2) Primary infection
3) host immune system contains it
4) latent phase
5) overtime CD4 falls as does the immune function.
6) symptoms occur
7) Initially non- specific.

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2
Q

How is HIV contracted

A

mother to baby, sex or IV

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3
Q

Drug used for HIV

A

T3-3 Drugs in one.

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4
Q

What type of viruses cause acute infection.

A

RNA viruses

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5
Q

Examples of acute infections

A

Influenza, measles, mumps, hepatitis A virus.

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6
Q

What type of viruses cause chronic infection

A

DNA viruses

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7
Q

2 types of chronic viral infection.

A

Latent- come out under stress.

Persistent-replicate all the time and are found in blood- HIV, Hep B.

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8
Q

What does viruses consist of

A

nucleic acid- DNA or RNA
protein coat
lipid envelope derived from the cells they grow in.

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9
Q

why don’t viruses which infect the GI tract have an envelope

A

to withstand the ph- envelope proteins would otherwise be destroyed.

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10
Q

which 2 gene types make up a virus

A

Structural- make virus

Non-structural- take over host machinery.

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11
Q

Mechanism of viral replication

A

1) virus attaches to a cell
2) cell entry
3) virus uncoating
4) early proteins produced.
5) Replication
6)Latent transcription and translation
7)virus assembly
virus release

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12
Q

Prime target of antivirals

A

Polymerases.

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13
Q

How does AZT (azidothymidine) work

A

mimics the binding blocks used for DNA and RNA synthesis.

changes OH group to NH3 on bases.

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14
Q

what type of antiviral is AZT

A

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase Inhibitor.

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15
Q

2 types of NRTI’s

A

Pyrimidine analogues.- C an T

Purine analogues.- A and G.

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16
Q

Thymidine analogues

A

zidovudine

17
Q

Cytosine analogue

A

Lamivudine

18
Q

Adenine and Guanidine analogues

A

Abacavir

Tenofovir

19
Q

NRTI’s active against HBV

A

Lamivudine

Tenofovir

20
Q

Examples of non- nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI’s)

A

Efavirenz

Nevirapine.

21
Q

How do NNRTI work

A

Bind to different parts of the polymerase and inhibit it.

22
Q

Examples of protein inhibitors.

A
Atazanavir
Darunavir
Fospamprenavir
Lopinavir
Nelfinavir
Ritonavir*- now used to boost the level of other protein inhibitiors which are brokendown by liver enzymes.
Saquinavir
Aspartate protease
23
Q

How does fusion inhibitors work and a example

A

block virus fusing with membrane- given IM

Enfuviritide

24
Q

How do Intergrase inhibitors work

A

prevents virus incorporating in the host genome. Not toxic.

25
How do  Chemokine receptor antagonsits work
prevent s entry HIV requires CC5 to enter the cell as it is a co- receptor. Maraviroc (CCR-5)
26
What does HAART stand for
Highly active antiretroviral therapy
27
What does HAART consist of and what is it's function
– 2 NRTIs + NNRTI – 2 NRTIs + boosted PI Aims to switch of virus replication can cause liver toxicity.
28
what mutation arises due to resistance to Lamivudine
M184V
29
What mutation provides resistance to HIV.
CCR5 delta 32 - chnage in CCR5 means that HIV cannot bind
30
2 drugs which sure Hep C
Interferons and ribavirin
31
How long do interferons need to be given for
3-12 months.
32
Important antivirals
``` Aciclovir- HSV and VZC Ganciclovir- CMV Oseltamivir and Zanamavir- (neurainidase inhibitors)- flu Ribavirin- Hep C and RSV Interferons- Hep C and B. ```