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Clinical Pathology > Introduction to haematology > Flashcards

Introduction to haematology Flashcards

1
Q

define haematology

A

biology and pathology of the cells that normally circulate in the blood.

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2
Q

define haemopoeisis

A

physiological developmental process that gives rise to cellular components of blood.

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3
Q

key properties of a haemopoietic cell.

A

differentiation into all cell lineages
highly proliferative
self renewal

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4
Q

define symmetric self renewal

A

stem cell divides into 2 stem cells

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5
Q

define asymmetric self renewal

A

stem cell divides into 1 stem cell and 1 progenitor cell.

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6
Q

deine lack of self renewal

A

stem cell divided into 2 progenitor cells

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7
Q

define lack of renewal

A

maintain stem cell pool with no diffrentiation.

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8
Q

2 lineages of blood cells

A

myeloid

lymphoid

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9
Q

what types of cells does the myeloid lineage have

A

WBC, RBC, platelets.

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10
Q

what type of cells does the lymphoid lineage have.

A

B and T lymphocytes.

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11
Q

what is the difference between a multi potential and pluripotential stem cell.

A

multi potential stem cells can divide into any time of blood cell..
pluripotential stem cells- are dedicated to either the myeloid and lymphoid lineage but within tho can differentiate into any other cell.

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12
Q

where does haemopoiesis originate

A

morula- RBC in yolk sac

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13
Q

which region does haemopoiessis start and what day of foetal development

A

27 days- aorta-gonad mesonephros region.

35-40 days- expand rapidly and then disappear

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14
Q

Inside which organ does haemopoiesis start.

A

in the liver

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15
Q

what are the functions of a blood cell

A

oxygen transportation
coagulation
immune response to infection and abnormal cells.

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16
Q

what shape are RBC

A

donut, biconcave shape.

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17
Q

what is the life span of a RBC

A

120 days

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18
Q

what terms are used to describe reduced and increased RBC

A

reduce= anaemia

raised RBC=polycythaemia.

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19
Q

what is the function of WBC

A

immunity and host defence,

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils.

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21
Q

what is the most common WBC

A

neutrophils

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22
Q

what is the lifespan of neutrophils

A

6-8 hrs.

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23
Q

what is increased and decreased neutrophil levels called

A

increased-neutrophillia.

decreased- neutropenia.

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24
Q

what do eosinophils react to

A

parasitic infections and alleges

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25
what do neutrophils react to
bacterial infection and inflammation.
26
what is an increased level of basophils known as, and in which blood cancer does this occur in.
basophillia -Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
27
Function of monocytes
phagocytic and antigen presenting cells.
28
once monocytes reach tissue they are known as
macrophages or histiocytes.
29
what is increased number of monocytes known as, and in which condition does this happen
monocytosis. | TB
30
what are monocytes in the liver called
e.g. Kupffer cells in liver
31
what are monocytes in the skin called
e.g. Langerhans cells in skin
32
are killer cells part of the innate or adaptive immune system.
innate.
33
Are B lymphocytes humoral or cellular
humoral.
34
Are T lymphocytes humoral or cellular
cellular
35
what cells do T cells interact with
B cells. and macrophages
36
what is an increase and decreased number of lymphocytes called, and when do these conditions occur.
increased- lymphocytosis (glandular fever, chronic lymphatic leukaemia) decreased-lymphopenia (post bone marrow transplant)
37
3 types of lymphocytes
B, T cells and natural killer cells.
38
what is an increased number of plasma cells known as, and when does this occur.
plasmacytosis- infections and myeloma.
39
where and what cell are platelets derived from
bone marrow megakaryocytes.
40
what important process are platelets involve in
clotting.
41
what is the normal platelet measure in the body
200 x109/litre
42
what is the normal RBC count in the body
10x109 per litre
43
what are the 3 important diagnostic tests for blood related problems
FBC, blood film, coagulation screen.
44
what is shown on a FBC
``` Hb concentration Red cell parameters MCV (mean cell volume) MCH (mean cell Hb) White cell count (WCC) Platelet count (WCC) ```
45
What is the name of the biopsy taken when obtaining bone marrow transplant
trephine
46
why might test results vary.
``` – Technical failure e.g. clotted sample, e.g. variation in reagents – Normal Intra-individual – e.g. diurnal variation of cortisol levels Inter-individual – e.g platelet count Abnormal- what is classed as normal. ```
47
define reference range
the set of values for a given test that incorporates 95% of the normal population
48
define sensitivity | TP/ (TP+FN)
defined as the proportion of abnormal results correctly classified by the test
49
define specificity | TN/ (TN+FP)
defined as the proportion of normal results correctly classified by the test
50
3 Classification of anaemia
microcytic hypochromic normocytic hypochromic macrocytic hypochromic
51
define microcytic hypchromic anaemia
small MCV and less pigment Hb low, MCH low
52
what causes microcytic hypchromic anaemia
``` iron deficiency thalassaemia anaemia of chronic disease lead poisoning sideroblastic anaemia. ```
53
what are the MCV and MCH to be classed as microcytic anaemina.
MCV
54
define normocytic normochromic anaemia
RBC normal in size, MCV/MCH norml, Hb is low
55
what causes normocytic normochromic anaemia | don't have enough RBC
``` haemolytic anaemias anaemia of chronic disease after acute blood loss renal disease mixed deficiencies bone marrow failure (post chemotherapy, infiltration and carcinoma) ```
56
what are the MCV and MCH to be classed as normocytic normochromic anaemia
MCV 80-95 fl & MCH ≥ 27 pg
57
define macrocytic anaemia
RBC large, increased MCV
58
what is the communists cause of macrocytic anaemiaa
alcohol abuse.
59
what is the MCV to be classes as macrocytic anaemia
MCV >95 fl
60
what are the causes of macrocytic anaemias
Megaloblastic: Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency | Non-megaloblastic: alcohol, liver disease, myelodysplasia, aplastic anaemia etc
61
what do the cells look like on a film in iron deficiency anaemia
Small, pale red cells (low MCV and MCH), Variable size & shape. Pencil like cells.

Clinical Pathology (45 decks)

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