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Clinical Pathology > Childhood viral infections > Flashcards

Childhood viral infections Flashcards

1
Q

What six conditions are childhood viral infections which are notifiable to public health.

A
  • Acute meningitis
  • Acute poliomyelitis
  • Measles
  • Mumps
  • Rubella
  • Smallpox
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2
Q

Which antibody levels are high in acute infection

A

IgM

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3
Q

Which antibody levels are high in chronic infection

A

IgG

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4
Q

Which antibody is maternal

A

IgG

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5
Q

Which antibody is present in breast milk

A

IgA

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6
Q

what type of virus is measles

A

Paramyxovirus

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7
Q

How is measles transmitted

A

droplet spread- person to person.

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8
Q

What time periord is infectivity of measles.

A

from the start of the first symptoms (4 days) before rash to 4 days after disappearance of rash.

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9
Q

What time period is incubation of measles

A

– 7-18 days (average 10-12)

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10
Q

Clinical features of measles

A

Prodrome- – Fever, malaise, conjunctivitis, coryza and cough
Kopliks spots
fever
rash- head to trunk

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11
Q

Complications of measles

A

ottits media
Pnemoniae
Diarrhoea
acute encephalitis

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12
Q

How do you diagnose measles

A
  • Leukopenia
  • Oral fluid sample
  • Serology
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13
Q

What is the treatment for measles

A

supportive and antibiotics.

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14
Q

Prevention methods for measles

A

Vaccine

1 year old and before pre school.

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15
Q

What is the medical name for chicken pox

A

Varicella zoster virus.

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16
Q

What are chicken pox transmitted

A

– Respiratory spread/personal

– Contact (face to face/15mins)

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17
Q

what is the incubation period for chickenpox

A

14-15 days

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18
Q

What is the infectivity period for measles

A

2 days before onset of rash until after vesicles dry up.

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19
Q

Clinical features of VZV

A

Fever, malaise, anorexia

Rash – centripetal- directed towards the centre.

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20
Q

Complications of VZV

A

– Pneumonitis (risk increased for smokers)
– Central nervous system (CNS) involvement
– Thrombocytopenic purpura
– Foetal varicella syndrome
– Congenital varicella

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21
Q

Diagnosis/Treatment of VZV

A

PCR –vesicle fluid/CSF
Can use swab.
Serology

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22
Q

Treatment of VZV

A

– Aciclovir oral, IV in severe disease or neonates.

– Chlorpheniramine can relieve itch

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23
Q

Prevention of VZV

A 
Vaccine- 2 live doses
VZ Immunoglobulin (VZIG)
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24
Q

What type of virus is rubella

A

Toga, RNA virus.

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25
Q

How is rubella transmitted

A

Droplet spread – air-borne

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26
Q

What is the incubation period of rubella

A

14-21 days

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27
Q

What is the infectivity period of rubella

A

– One week before rash to 4 days after.

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28
Q

What ar the clinical features of rubella

A
  • Prodrome – non-specific e.g. tiredness, fever, headache.
  • Lymphadenopathy – post-auricular, sub occipital
  • Rash- spreads from the face
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29
Q

Complications of rubella.

A

– Thrombocytopenia;
– Post-infectious encephalitis; arthritis.
– Mild self-limiting infection not too dangerous in immunosuppressed.

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30
Q

What syndrome occurs as a result of rubella in pregnancy

A

Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS)

31
Q

Characteristics of Congenital rubella syndrome

A

– Cataracts and other eye defects
– Deafness
– Cardiac abnormalities
– Microcephaly
– Retardation of intra-uterine growth
– Inflammatory lesions of brain, liver, lungs and bone marrow.
more severe is contracted in early pregnancy.

32
Q

Diagnosis of rubella

A
  • Oral fluid testing – IgM/G (PCR if within 7 days of rash).

* Serology – IgM and IgG. Antibodies detectable from time of rash.

33
Q

What treatment is there for rubella.

A

• No treatment available – immunoglobulin given to exposed pregnant women.

34
Q

Prevention of rubella

A

vaccination

35
Q

How are enteroviaral infections transmitted

A

faecal oral route

36
Q

Clinical features of enteroviral infections

A

Hand, foot and mouth disease- vascular rash like chickenpox but it fades away unlike crusting in chickenpox.
fever- rash
meningitis
runny nose and fever.

37
Q

childhood respiratory infections include:

A
  • Respiratory Syncytial Virus
  • Para influenza
  • Influenza
  • Adenovirus
  • Metapneumovirus
  • Rhinovirus
38
Q

What age group is bronchiolitis common in

A

0-24 months

39
Q

How do you diagnose bronchiolitis

A

– PCR on secretions from nasopharyngeal aspirate

40
Q

Tretament for bronchiolitis

A

O2, manage fever and fluid intake.

41
Q

What type of virus is metapnemovirus

A

Paramyxovirus

42
Q

How do you diagnose metapnemovirus

A

PCR rom the nasopharynx

43
Q

Treatment for metapnemovirus

A

supporative only

44
Q

What are the common symptoms from infection by adenovirus

A

– Conjunctivitis

– Diarrhoea

45
Q

How do we diagnose adenovirus infection

A

respiratory panel PCR.
Eye swab PCR
Serology possible

46
Q

How many types of parainfluenza are their and what seasons are they present in

A

4 types 1-4
1 in winter
3 in summer

47
Q

How is parainfluenza transmitted

A

from person to person

48
Q

Treatment for parainfluenza

A

none

49
Q

How to diagnose parainfluenza

A

Multiplexed PCR

50
Q

What does rhiovirus most commonly cause

A

common cold

51
Q

Which 2 pathogens are mostly likely to be present in children with diahorhea

A

Rotavirus

Norovirus

52
Q

How is rotovirus transmitted

A

faecal oral route and sometimes respiratory

53
Q

How long is the incubation time of rotovirus

A

1-2 days.

54
Q

What are the clinical features of rotovirus

A
  • Diarrhoea and vomiting
  • 6/12 – 2 yrs
  • Severe disease c. 6/12
  • Increased mortality in poorer countries
  • Seasonal variation
55
Q

How do we diagnose rotovirus

A

PCR

56
Q

What is the treatment for rotovirus

A

rehydration

57
Q

What prevention methods are used in rotovirus

A

vaccine

58
Q

How is norovirus contracted

A

Foodborne

59
Q

How is norovirus transmitted

A

Person to person spread

60
Q

How is norovirus diagnosed

A

PCR

61
Q

How is nor virus treated

A

Rehyradtion

62
Q

What type of virus is Mumps

A

paramyxoyridae

63
Q

How are mumps transmitted

A

– direct contact
– droplet spread
– fomites

64
Q

How long in incubation from mumps

A

2-4 weeks (mostly 16-18 days)

65
Q

How long is infectivity from mumps

A

several days before parotid swelling (cheeks swell) to several days after.

66
Q

How do we prevent mumps

A

vaccination

67
Q

Clinical symptoms of mumps

A

Prodrome – nonspecific e.g. low-grade fever, anorexia, malaise, and headache
Next 24 hours – earache, tenderness over ipsilateral parotid
Next 2-3 days – gradually enlarging parotid with severe pain
Normally bilateral but can be unilateral in at least 25%.
Pyrexia up to 40°C.- lower fevers are bacterial.
After peak swelling, pain, fever and tenderness rapidly resolve, and the parotid gland returns to normal size within 1 week.

68
Q

Most common symptom of mumps

A

swelling of the parotid

69
Q

Rare clinical manifestations of mumps.

A 
–	Epididymo-orchitis 
–	Oophoritis 
–	Meningitis 
–	Encephalitis 
–	Renal function abnormalities (mild) 
–	Pancreatitis
70
Q

Diagnosis of mumps

A

serology and PCR

71
Q

Examples of neonatal viruses

A 
VZV 
Rubella
CMV 
Toxoplasma 
HSV 
HBV – HBIG/vaccine for neonatal.
HIV – see BHIVA guidelines etc.
72
Q

clinical features of CMV

A

growth retardation, deafness, blindness- Nonspecific symptoms without a rash.

73
Q

ClinIcal features of toxoplamosis

A

chorioretinitis, hydrocephaly

74
Q

Clinical features of HSV

A

congenital or perinatal. Severe neonatal disease – can cause encephalitis

Clinical Pathology (45 decks)

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