Urogenital and Reproductive Surgery Flashcards
1
Q
How do you treat non functional ovarian cyst?
A
OHE
2
Q
How do you diagnose Functional Ovarian Cyst?
A
Vaginal Cytology
Abdominal Ultrasound
3
Q
What is the treatment for a breeding animal with functional ovarian cyst?
A
May resolve spontaneously GnRH HCG Cyst removal Unilateral Ovariectomy
4
Q
How do you treat a functional ovarian cyst of a non breeding animal?
A
OHE
5
Q
What ovarian neoplasia have epithelial origins?
A
Adenoma
Adenocarcinoma
6
Q
What ovarian neoplasia has Stromal orgins?
A
Granulosa cell tumor
Functional hormone producing tumor
7
Q
What ovarian neoplasia has Germ cell origins?
A
Dysgerminoma
Teratoma
8
Q
What are the clinical signs of the Granulosa cell tumor?
A
Persistent proestrus
Pyometra
9
Q
How do you diagnose Ovarian Neoplasia?
A
Radiographs
Ultrasound
10
Q
What is the treatment for Ovarian neoplasia?
A
Ovariectomy
11
Q
What is the clinical sign for Ovarian Remnant Syndrome?
A
Recurrence of estrus following OHE/OVE
12
Q
What is the etiology of Ovarian Remnant Syndrome?
A
Failure to remove all ovarian tissue
13
Q
What is the treatment of Ovarian Remnant Syndrome?
A
Surgical Removal
14
Q
What is the etiology of Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia?
A
Associated with excess and prolonged progesterone
Growth/secretions of endometrial glands inhibiting Uterine drainage and fluid accumulation
15
Q
Hydrometra
A
Water filled Uterus
16
Q
Mucometra
A
Mucus filled Uterus
17
Q
Hematometra
A
Blood filled Uterus
18
Q
What are the clinical signs of Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia?
A
Failure to conceive
Vaginal discharge
PU/PD
19
Q
How do you diagnose Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia?
A
Ultrasound
20
Q
What is the treatment for Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia?
A
OHE
21
Q
Pyometra
A
Infection of the uterus
22
Q
What is the most common bacteria in Pyometra?
A
E. Coli
23
Q
What are the bacterial sources of Pyometra?
A
Ascending
Hematogenous
24
Q
What are the clinical signs of Pyometra?
A
Lethargy
Vomiting
PU/PD
Vaginal Discharge
25
What is a complication of Pyometra associated with abdominal palpation?
Uterine Rupture
26
What are clinical pathology findings associated with Pyometra?
```
Hypoglycemia
Azotemia
Anemia
Leukocytosis
Increased AST and alkaline phosphate
```
27
How do you diagnose Pyometra?
Ultrasound
28
How do you treat Pyometra?
Stabilize the patient
| OHE
29
What should you avoid with treatment of pyometra?
```
Avoid septic abdomen!
Do not delay surgery
no pre-op cystocentesis
Use non-crushing clamps on uterus
Do not oversew uterine stump
```
30
Segmental Pyometra
Pyometra is secluded in segments
31
What is the prognosis for pyometra?
Low mortality without septic abdomen
| Septic abdomen increased mortality rate
32
What are the indications for medical management of pyometra?
Not systemically ill
Open pyometra
High breeding value
33
What is the medical management for pyometra?
PGF 2-alpha
| Antibiotics 10-14 days
34
What are the complications of medical management of pyometra?
```
Abdominal pain
Emesis
Tachycardia
Dyspnea
Systemic deterioration
```
35
Metritis
Inflammation/infection of the uterus
36
What is the etiology of Metritis?
Dystocia
Devitalized uterus
Fetal/placental retention
37
What are the clinical signs for Metritis?
```
Foul smelling reddish brown discharge
Fever
Anorexia
Lethargy
Decreased milk production
```
38
What must you do to a breeding bitch that has just recovered from pyometra to ensure she doesn't get it again?
Get her pregnant and welp a litter
39
What is the treatment for Metritis?
Antibiotics
| OHE
40
Uterine Torsion
Twisting of uterus along long axis
41
What is Uterine torsion associated with?
Dystocia
Pyometra
CEH
42
What are the clinical signs of Uterine Torsion?
Acute abdomen
Abdominal distension
Shock
43
What is the treatment for Uterine Torsion?
Supportive Care: Fluids and Analgesics
| OHE
44
What should you not do with Uterine Torsion?
Detorse the uterus
45
Uterine Prolapse
Protrusion of uterine tissue outside vulva
46
What predisposes to Uterine Prolapse?
Complication of parturition/dystocia
47
What are the clinical signs of Uterine Prolapse?
Vaginal discharge
Straining
Licking affected area
Protruding mass
48
What is the treatment for Uterine Prolapse?
Manual reduction
OHE
Amputation of uterine horns and removal of ovaries
49
What is the etiology of Uterine Rupture?
Dystocia
HBC
Post c-section
Pyometra
50
What is the treatment for Uterine Rupture?
OHE
51
What is the treatment for Uterine Neoplasia
OHE
52
What is the common uterine neoplasia of cats?
Adenocarcinoma
53
What is the common Uterine Neoplasia of Dogs?
Leiomyoma
54
Dystocia
inability to expel a fetus through the birth canal
55
What are the causes of Dystocia?
```
Primary or secondary uterine inertia
Birth canal obstruction
Fetal Malposition
Fetal Malformation
Fetus oversized
```
56
Primary Uterine Inertia
Parturition fails to proceed due to oversized litters or undersized litters
57
What is the clinical signs of Primary Uterine Inertia?
Prolonged gestation greater than 68 days
58
What is the gestation length of a dog?
63 days
59
Secondary Uterine Inertia
Normal delivery of part of litter and then develops uterine fatigue due to Fetal obstruction, Pelvic obstruction, Fetal malposition, or fetal size
60
What are the clinical signs of Secondary Uterine Inertia?
Prolonged interval between neonates (greater than 4 hours)
| Weak or absent uterine contractions
61
How do you diagnose Dystocia?
Radiographs
62
What is the treatment for Primary Uterine Inertia?
Oxytocin
Manual manipulation of the fetus
c-section
63
What is the signalment for an animal with secondary uterine inertia?
middle aged dogs that have a large litter that are exhausted
64
What will happen if you give Oxytocin to an animal with secondary uterine inertia?
Uterine rupture
65
What are the indications for a c-section?
```
Secondary uterine inertia
Primary uterine inertia refractory to treatment
Systemic signs in bitch
Fetal distress
Planned for high risk patients
```
66
What is the poster child for planned C-sections?
Bulldogs
67
What are the advantages of En block Resection?
```
OHE
Dystocia treatment
Decreased anesthesia time
Decreased abdominal contamination
No increased fetal mortality
```
68
What should you check the puppies for when you perform a c-section?
Cleft palate
69
How many mammary glands does the canine have?
5 paired glands
70
What arteries supply the mammary glands of the canine?
Lateral thoracic
| Superficial epigastric
71
What Lymph nodes drain the mammary glands in the canine?
Axillary
| Inguinal
72
How many mammary glands do felines have?
four paired glands
73
What is the most common mammary tumor of the feline?
Adenocarcinoma
74
How do you prevent mammary tumors in canine and feline?
Early Ovariectomy or OHE
75
What is the surgical procedure for treatment of canine mammary tumors?
Lumpectomy
Mastectomy
Regional mastectomy
full chain mastectomy
76
What is the surgical procedure for the treatment of feline mammary tumors?
Full chain mastectomy
77
What are the risk factors for canine mammary tumors?
OHE before 2nd estrus or after 2 years of age
Obesity before 1 year of age
Administration of progestins
Presence of benign tumors
78
What is the most common malignant mammary tumor of dogs?
Carcinoma
79
Carcinosarcoma
mixed malignant mammary tumor
80
How do you diagnose metastasis with mammary tumors?
3 radiographic views
81
How do you diagnose mammary tumors?
Thoracic radiographs
Abdominal ultrasound
Excisional biopsy
Cytology
82
What is the criteria of Malignancy (COM) for mammary tumors?
```
Rapid growth
Size greater than 1 cm
Fixed to skin or fascia
Poorly circumscribed
Ulcerated or inflammation
```
83
When should you not resect a mass?
Inflammatory carcinoma
| Presence of distant metastasis
84
Lumpectomy
removal of tumor only
85
Simple or local mastectomy
removal of tumor and its gland of origin
86
Reginal mastectomy
removal of 2 or more glands with associated lymphatic structures
87
Full chain (radical) mastectomy
removal of entire chain and associated lymphatic structures
88
Unilateral mastectomy
tumor confined to one mammary chain
89
Staged bilateral mastectomy
6 week interval between surgeries
90
What procedure would you perform on a small freely movable mass on periphery of gland?
Lumpectomy
91
What procedure would you perform on a mass central in the gland?
Simple mastectomy
92
What procedure would you perform on a mass in both inguinal glands on one side?
Regional mastectomy
93
What procedure would you perform on moasses in cranial and caudal glands?
Multiple simple mastectomy
| Chain mastectomy
94
What are the indications for a Lumpectomy?
Small tumors less than 5 cm
Known to be benign
Mass between glands or near edge
95
What are the contraindications for a Lumpectomy?
Any COM
| Mass middle of gland
96
What are the indications for a simple Mastectomy?
Larger fixed solitary tumors 1-2 cm
| Centrally located
97
What are the contraindications for a Simple Mastectomy?
More than one COM
| Mass greater than 2 cm
98
What are the indications for a Regional Mastectomy?
Larger tumors
| Multiple tumors
99
If you have tumors in glands 1 and 2 which glands do you remove?
Glands 1,2,and 3
100
If you have tumors in glands 4 and 5 which glands do you remove?
Glands 3,4,and 5
101
If you have tumors in glands 3 what do you perform?
Chain mastectomy
102
What are the indications for Chain Mastectomy?
Multiple masses throughout chain
| Tumors in gland 3 in which lumpectomy or simple mastectomy is not appropriate
103
What is postoperative care for Mammary tumor removal?
Sterile pressure bandage over drain and incision
Remove drain at 2-5 days
Analgesics
104
What are the complications associated with Mammary tumor removal?
Post-operative pain
seroma
Dehiscence - bilateral mastectomy
105
What kind of adjunct therapy is associated with mammary tumors?
Radiation
Estrogen therapy
Chemotherapy in combo with surgery
106
Canine Mammary Hyperplasia
Rapid development of small multiple masses after heat cycle
107
How do you differentiate Canine Mammary Hyperplasia from Mammary tumors?
```
Slower onset
Not associated with heat cycle
More defined
Does not affect all glands
Often Painful
```
108
Fibroadenomatous Hyperplasia in cats
Benign mammary lesion in cats causing Rapid proliferation and mammary gland enlargement
109
What is the treatment for Fibroadenomatous Hyperplasia in Felines?
OHE/OVE
| Consider Flank approach
110
Episiotomy
Incision through perineal body to approach caudal vagina
111
When would you perform a Episioplasty?
Treatment for perivulvar drematitis
112
When would you perform a Vaginectomy?
treatment for vaginal hypoplasia, intrapelvic annular stenosis
113
Septal Stenosis
Band of tissue oriented dorsoventrally to create a double vagina
114
What is the treatment for Septal Stenosis?
Episiotomy
Mucosal resection at attachments
Suture mucosa
Laser Ablation
115
Vaginal edema/Hyperplasia
Vaginal tissue becomes severely edematous and protrudes from the vulva
116
What is the medical treatment for Vaginal Hyperplasia/Prolapse?
Keep tissue clean, prevent self mutilation
Will resolve at the end of estrus
Gonadotropin releasing hormone or HCG will induce ovulation and shorten estrus
Ovariectomy prevents recurrence
117
What is the surgical treatment for Vaginal Hyperplasia/Prolapse with healthy tissue?
reduce prolapsed tissue, place mattress suture across lips of vulva
Ovariectomy
118
What is the surgical treatment for Vaginal Hyperplasia/Prolapse with Damaged tissue?
resect prolapsed tissue at base via episiotomy
| Ovariectomy
119
How do you treat Vaginal Prolapse?
Manual reduction
| OHE
120
What is the most common benign Vaginal Neoplasia in dogs?
Leiomyoma
121
What is the most common malignant vaginal neoplasia in dogs?
Leiomyosarcoma
122
What is the treatment for Benign Vaginal Tumors?
Local resection via episiotomy
| OHE
123
What is the treatment for Malignant Vaginal tumors?
Aggressive resection with wide borders
Vulvovaginectomy
perineal urethrostomy
124
How do you treat TVT?
Medically
125
Episioplasty
Reconstructs procedure that excises skin folds around the vulva and draws the labia caudally
126
What is a predisposing factor to a recessed vulva?
Overweight dogs
| Early OHE
127
Anorchism
Absence of both testicles
128
Monorchism
Absence of one testicle
129
Cryptorchism/Cryptorchidism
One or both testicles not descended into scrotum
| Developmental problems with gubernaculum
130
When do testicles usually descend?
30-40 days
131
At what age would we classify an animal cryptorchid?
6 months
132
How do you classify Cryptorchidism?
Location
Side
Type
133
What Cryptorchidism is common in dogs?
Unilateral Cryptorchidism
134
Characteristics of the Cryptorchid Testicle
Sterile
Suppresses spermatogenesis in normal testicle
Predisposed to neoplasia
Predisposed to torsion
135
What kind of castrations would you preform on a Inguinal Cryptorchid?
Open Castration
136
What approach would you make for an Abdominal Cryptorchid?
Caudal Paramedian abdominal approach or a ventrla midline
137
What are the clinical signs of Testicular torsion?
```
Anorexia
Lethargy
Acute abdomen
Shock
Death
```
138
What are the 3 types of Testicular Neoplasia?
Interstitial cell
Sertoli cell
Seminoma
139
Characteristics of Sertoli cell tumors
```
Estrogen producing
Feminization
Bilateral symmetrical alopecia
Gynecomastia
Penile atrophy
Squamous metaplasia of prostate
prostatic cysts
Anemia
Leukopenia
Low metastatic rate
```
140
Characteristics of Interstitial cell tumor
Testosterone producing
141
What is the treatment for testicular neoplasia?
Castration/scrotal ablation
142
What are the indications for Scrotal Ablation?
Neoplasia
Infection
Trauma
Castraton of older large breed dogs
143
How would you treat a fracture of os penis?
Catheterize urethra with conservative management
| If comminuted can wire or finger plate
144
What is the treatment for Trauma or strangulation of the penis?
Conservative Management
Catheterize if urethral trauma
Penile amputation if necrotic
145
What are the indications of Penile Amputation?
Gangrenous penis
| Severe urethral trauma
146
What are the different types of Penile/preputial tumors?
```
Papilloma
SCC
osteosarcoma
MCT
TVT
```
147
What is the treatment for TVT?
Vincristine
148
What is the treatment for Penile/preputial tumors?
Surgical resection or partial penile amputation
149
Paraphimosis
Inability to retract penis into prepuce
150
What are the congenital causes of Paraphimosis?
Narrow orifice
| Shortened prepuce
151
What are the acquired causes of Paraphimosis?
Trauma
Infection
Priapism
Neoplasia
152
What is the treatmenrt for Paraphimosis?
Lubricants and hyperosmolar agents
Preputiotomy
Preputial advancement
153
How do you treat recurrent/persistent paraphimosis?
Phallopexy
| Penile amputation if necrotic
154
Phimosis
inability to protrude penis beyond preputial orifice
155
What is the cause of congenital Phimosis?
Distended prepuce
156
What is the cause of acquired phimosis?
Preputial trauma
| Neoplasia
157
What are the clinical signs of Phimosis?
Unusual urine streams
| Balanoposthitis from retention of urine
158
What is the treatment for Phimosis?
Enlarge preputial orifice
| Surgically shorten prepuce
159
What are the clinical signs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
Asymptomatic
Dyschezia
Ribbon-like feces
160
What is the treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
Castration
161
What is the cause of Prostatitis/Abscess?
Ascending infection via urethra
| Hematogenous
162
What are the clinical signs of Prostatitis/Abscess?
Dyschezia
Painful urination
Purulent discharge
163
How do you treat mild cases of Prostatitis/Abscess?
Castration
| Systemic antibiotics: Enrofloxacin or TMS
164
How do you treat severe cases of Prostatitis/Abscess?
Supportive care
Systemic Antibiotics
Prostatic drainage
Castration
165
What is a procedure for Prostatic Drainage?
Ometalization
166
Prostatic Cysts
Accumulation of glandular secretions within the prostate
167
What are Prostatic Cysts associated with?
BPH
| Hormonal imbalances
168
What are the most common Prostatic cysts?
Parenchymal cysts
169
How would you diagnose Prostatic cysts?
```
Abdominal palpation
Radiographs
Contrast Radiographs
Ultrasound
FNA
```
170
What are the treatments for Small cysts?
Surgical resection
| Castration
171
What are the large cysts or capsular/urethral communication?
Partial resection
Drainage
Omentalization
Castration
172
What is the most common Prostatic Neoplasia?
Adenocarcinoma
173
What are the clinical signs of Prostatic neoplasia?
```
Dysuria
Hematuria
Straining to defecate
Ribbon-like feces
Lameness due to metastasis
Large symmetrical prostate
```
174
What is the treatment for Prostatic Neoplasia?
Palliative: tube cystotomy or urethral stent
Partial prostectomy
Complete prostectomy
Radiation therapy
175
What are the indications for a subtotal Prostatectomy?
Multilocular abscess
Recurrent abscesses
Neoplasia
176
How do you treat Calcium oxalate?
No Medical Management
177
What is the treatment criteria for Nephrolithiasis?
Type of calculi
Anatomical location
Clinical effects
178
When would you perform surgery for Nephrolithiasis?
Obstruction
| Infection associated with the calculi
179
What approach do you take with Nephrolithotomy?
Ventral Midline celiotomy
180
What are the closure options for the kidney?
Sutureless closure
Horizontal mattress
Nephropexy
181
Pyelolithotomy
used to remove calculi when proximal ureter and renal pelvis are dilated
182
What is the post operative management for a Pyelolithotomy?
```
Post op radiographs
Monitor PCV
CVP
Monitor urine output
Monitor renal enzymes/electrolytes
Provide diuresis
```
183
What is the treatment for minor trauma to the kidney?
Conservative treatment
184
What is the treatment for moderate trauma to the kidney?
Surgery to repair
185
What is the treatment for major trauma to the kidney?
Partial nephrectomy
| Nephroureterectomy
186
What are the indications for a Nephroureterectomy?
```
Severe infection
Severe trauma
obstructive calculi with persistent hydronephrosis
Neoplasia
Transplant
```
187
What are the indications for Partial Nephrectomy?
Trauma
Focal hemorrhage
neoplasia
188
What is the purpose of the Partial Nephrectomy?
Preserves Renal function
189
What is a disadvantage of a Partial Nephrectomy?
Higher incidence of post operative hemorrhage
190
Hydronephrosis
Progressive dilation of the renal pelvis and atrophy of the renal parenchyma
191
What are the acquired causes of Hydronephrosis?
```
Neoplasia
Abscess
cysts
stone
iatrogenic
```
192
What are the congenital causes of Hydronephrosis?
Torsion
Kinking
Stenosis
Atresia
193
When would you perform a Nephroureterectomy for Hydronephrosis?
Non functional or severe parenchymal damage
194
Pyelonephritis
Ascending infection of the kidney
195
What would you treat advanced Pyelonephritis with?
Nephrouretectomy
196
What is the treatment for the Giant Kidney Worm?
Nephrectomy
| Nephrotomy
197
What is the most common benign neoplasia of the kidney?
Renal Adenoma
198
What are primary tumors of the kidney?
Renal cell carcinoma
TCC
Nephroblastoma
199
What are some metastatic tumors of the kidney?
Lymphosarcoma
Hamngiosarcoma
SCC
200
What is the most common renal neoplasia of dogs?
Renal Cell carcinoma
201
How would you treat Renal cell carcinoma?
Nephroureterectomy and chemotherapy
202
What is the most common renal neoplasia of cats?
Renal lymphoma
203
Embryonic Nephroblastoma
Congenital neoplasia common in young dogs and cats
204
What are the clinical signs of Renal neoplasia?
```
Hematuria
Abdominal distension
Anorexia
Weight loss
Depression
Abdominal pain
```
205
How do you treat nephroblastoma?
Exploratory Laparotomy
| Unilateral Nephroureterectomy
206
What are the indications for Renal Biopsy?
Suspected neoplasia
Nephrotic syndrome
Renal cortex disease
Non diagnosed ARF
207
What are the contraindications for Renal biopsy?
Coagulopathies
Hypertension
Severe chronic hydronephrosis
208
What are the complications associated with Renal biopsy?
Severe hemorrhage
Hematuria
Hydronephrosis
209
What are the indications for Renal transplant?
Irreversible acute renal failure
Decompensated chronic renal failure
Polycystic disease
210
Ectopic Ureter
Failure of one or both ureters to terminate in the normal location
211
What abnormalities is Ectopic Ureter associated with?
Hydroureter
Small/absent kidney
Pelvic bladder
212
What are the clinical signs of Ectopic Ureter?
Incontinence
Fails to house train
UTI
Urine Scalding
213
How do you diagnose Ectopic ureter?
Excretory urography
214
Extramural Ectopic Ureter
Enters into neck, urethra, or vagina
215
Intramural Ectopic ureter
Enters normally but exits abnormally
216
What is the most common ectopic ureter in dogs?
Intramural ectopic ureter
217
How do you treat ectopic ureter?
Neoureterocystostomy (end to side)
Neoureterocystostomy (side to side)
Laser transection of wall between EU and bladder or urethra
218
Ureterocele
Dilation of distal ureter due to persistent membrane in embryonic development
219
How do you diagnose Ureterocele?
IV urography
| Ultrasonagraphy
220
What is the sign on IV urography for a Ureterocele?
Cobra head sign
221
What is the treatment for Intravesicular Ureterocele?
Ureterocelectomy
222
What is the treatment for Ectopic Ureterocele?
Neoureterocystostomy with urterocelectomy
223
What is the treatment for Ureteral Trauma?
Nephroureterectomy
Ureteroureterostomy
Neoureterocystostomy
Urinary diversion
224
When would you perform a Ureteroureterostomy?
Procedure of choice for the proximal ureter
225
What are the indications for Urinary diversion with a Nephrostomy tube?
ureter surgery
hydronephrosis
obstruction
226
When would you perform a Transureteroureterostomy?
when proximal ureteral length is insufficient to reach the bladder but long enough to cross midline
227
What do you perform when you have loss of ureter length?
Renal Descensus
Nephrocystopexy
Psoas Hitch
228
Renal Descensus
Mobilize kidney and suture caudally to lumbar musculature
229
Nephrocystopexy
Suturing the kidney to the cranial edge of the bladder
230
Psoas Hitch
Fixed the bladder in a more cranial position
231
When would you perform a Bladder wall flap?
significant loss of distal ureter
232
What is the most common indications for ureteral surgery?
Ureterolithiasis
233
What is medical management for Ureterolithiasis?
IV fluids
diuretics
Smooth muscle relaxers
234
What are indications for Surgery for Urolithiasis?
Complete obstruction
Azotemia
Pyelonephritis
235
What is the treatment for Urolithiasis?
Cystotomy and retrograde flushing and removal via pyelithotomy
Ureterotomy
236
What are the advantages of Permanent Ureteral Stenting?
Decreased morbidity
Shorter hospitalization
Less complcations
237
What are the disadvantages of Permanent Ureteral Stenting?
Specialized equipment
| Steep learning curve
238
What are the indications for permanent ureteral stenting?
Stone
Tumor
Stricture
Blood clot
239
What ligament of the bladder should be avoided with surgery?
Lateral Ligaments
240
What nerve provides sympathetic innervation to the bladder?
Hypogastric n.
241
What nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the bladder?
Pelvic n.
242
What provides blood supply to the bladder?
Caudal vesicular
| Prostatic/vaginal Art.
243
Persistent Urachus
Persistent connection from the bladder to the umbilicus through a patent urachal canal
244
What are the clinical signs of a Patent urachus?
Urine dribbling from umbilicus
Omphalitis
Ventral abdomen dermatitis
UTI
245
Wht is the treatment for Perisistent Urachus?
Surgical removal of urachal tube
246
Vesicourachal Diverticulum
External opening is closed but the bladder attachment is still patent
247
How do you treat Vesicouracheal Diverticulum?
Partial cystectomy
| Diverticulectomy
248
Urachal Cyst
secreting urachal epithelium persists
249
Urachal sinus
Persistent distal urachas remains open
250
How do you treat Urachal sinus?
Surgical excision
251
What causes Bladder Rupture?
```
Trauma
Severe cystitis
Neoplasia
Urethral obstruction
Iatrogenic
```
252
What is the most reliable way to Diagnose Bladder Rupture?
Positive contrast urethrocystogram
253
How do you treat Bladder Rupture?
Stabilize patient!
Urinary diversion
Exploratory Laparotomy
254
What are the indications for Cystopexy?
Tube Cystotomy
Perineal hernia
Urinary incontinence
255
What a very common disease of the bladder?
Cystic Calculi
256
What is the most common cystic calculi?
Struvites
257
What are the Non surgical treatments for Cystic calculi?
Hydropropulsion
Transurethral cystoscopy
Dietary modification
Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy
258
What is the most common surgery of bladder?
Cystotomy
259
What are the indications for Cystotomy?
Urinary tract obstruction
no medical options
other retrieval methods have failed
260
What is the preferred approach for a Cystotomy?
Ventral
261
What is the layer of strength for the bladder?
Submucosa
262
What suture should you not use on a cystotomy?
Braided suture if infection is present
263
What is the treatment for polypoid cystitis?
Surgery
264
What is the most common bladder tumor in Felines?
Transitional cell carcinoma
265
Where is the most common site in the dog for Transitional cell carcinoma?
Trigone area
266
What are the predisposing factors for TCC?
Obesity
Insecticide exposure
Herbicide
Cyclophosphamide
267
What is diagnostic for TCC?
Cystoscopy
268
What is the most sensitive method of diagnosis for TCC?
Ultrasound
269
What is the treatment for TCC?
Partial cystectomy
if in the trigone area then a Ureterocolonic anastomosis or Ureterouterine anastomosis
Chemotherapy
270
Hypospadias
Incomplete formation of penile urethra
271
Urethral Prolapse
Protrusion of urethral mucosa through orifice
272
What is the signalment for Urethral Prolapse?
Young male brachycephalic dogs
273
What is the treatment for Mild Urethral Prolapse?
Reduce and purse string
Urethropexy
Castration
274
What is the treatment for severe urethral prolapse?
Resection and anastomosis
275
What is the complication for urethral surgery?
becomes edematous easily
276
What is the goals of treatment for urethral obstruction?
Renal function/uremia
Electrolytes
Relieve obstruction: Catheter, Hydropulsion, or cystocentesis
Treat UTI
277
Retrograde Hydropropulsion
injection of saline into the urethra that distends the urethra and propulses the stone into the bladder
278
What is the surgical treatment for urethral obstruction?
Cystotomy after hydropropulsion
Urethrotomy
Urethrostomy
279
What are the indications for a Urethrostomy in the dog?
Calculi that cannot be hydrpropulsed
280
Urethrotomy
creating temporary opening into urethra
281
When would you perform a Perineal Urethrotomy in dogs?
when calculi are lodged between scrotum and ischial arch
282
Urethrostomy
forming a permanent opening of the urethra at a new site
283
When would you perform a Urethrostomy?
Permanent damage
Recurrent urethral obstruction
obstruction that cannot be retropulsed or removed by urethrotomy
284
When would you perform an Antipubic Urethrostomy?
when there is no distal urethra left
285
What are the complications of the Urethrostomy?
```
Hemorrhage
Dehiscence
Urine scald
Stricture
UTI
```
286
What procedure has a high incidence of Urine Scald as a complication?
Prescrotal urethrostomy
287
What are the indications for Perineal Uretherostomy in a cat?
Frequent obstructions
Strictures
Trauma
288
Name a salvage procedure used to treat Feline Lower Urinary tract Disease Syndrome and calculi in male cats?
Perineal Urethrostomy
289
What are the complications associated with Perineal Urethrostomy?
```
Hemorrahge
Urinary tract infection
Stricture
Subcutaneous urine
Perineal hernia
Urinary incontinence
Urethrorectal fistula
```
290
Antpubic urethrostomy
Creation of a urethrostomy on the ventral body wall cranial to the pubis
291
What are the indications for Antepubic urethrostomy?
Recurrent pelvic urethral obstruction
| Failed perineal urethrostomy that cannot be revised
292
What are the complications associated with Antepubic Urethrostomy?
Urine scald
UTI
Incontinence
