UROGENITAL AND GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMS Flashcards
6 questions
______:
occur in Mexico
produce very large, sapogenin-rich tubers
yams
______ (steroidal glycosides): steroid-like terpenoid with a sugar side chain
sapogenin
what was derived from the tubers of yams in 1939 by Russel Marker? what was it derived from?
steroidal hormone progesterone
made from the sapogenin diosgenin
Syntex Corp. was founded by Russell Marker, who discovered the use of yams to produce progesterone. When he left the company, what other steroidal compound hormones were they able to produce?
cortisone and norethisterone (progesterone mimic)
yam tubers were the main source of diosgenin production, what other steroid precursor was produced from soybeans?
stigmasterol
what are the main ways we use steroidal compounds across the world? which two major countries still use semi-synthetic production to get them? (NA uses fully synthetic production)
we use progesterone and related compounds for birth control, cortisones treat skin issues, many can be used in hormone therapy
China and India still use semi-synthesis from diosgenins
______:
small palm species
native to SE US
fruit = used for bladder/urinary infections
seeds = harvested for food
extracts of fruit yield 90% fatty acids and sterols which can treat prostate enlargement (BPH)
saw palmetto
where is saw palmetto predominantly used to treat BPH? 7 million kg imported annually
Europe
T/F: studies on saw palmetto have recently shown that its no more effective than a placebo
true!
which part of saw palmetto yields the 90% fatty acids and sterols?
the fruit!
which two species of Senna are used medicinally? and where?
S. angustifolia- Arabian peninsula, W Africa, Asia
S. alexandrina- NE Africa, cultivated in Sudan/China/India
______ & _____: leguminous shrubs
thrive in hot, desert environments
leaflets and mature pods are dried and powdered to be administered as a laxative
senna, S. alexandrina/S. angustifolia
12th century Arab physician Serapion the Younger recommended ____ as a purgative/laxative and gave it an Arabic name
Senna
when was senna introduced to Europe by Arab traders? where was the entire supply made from before developing plantations?
late 1800’s where they established plantations
wild plants harvested in Africa/Arabia
what synthetic drug replaced senna? why was is banned?
phenolphthalein
suspected carcinogen
after the banning of synthetic replacements, natural senna became the main ingredient of all _______
over the counter laxatives
what are the active principles of senna, found in OTC laxatives?
sennoside A and sennoside B, hydrolyzed by gut bacteria to form laxatuve-affecting anthroquinones
when synthetic replacements (phenolphthalein) for senna were banned, what was re-established in Africa and Asia?
plantations of senna- high demand since highly purified senna is now in all OTC laxatives
______: native to W NA
inner bark used by Indigenous as strong laxative/purgative
small deciduous tree
cascara
when was cascara bark first marketed as a laxative?
1877
what are the active compounds of cascara bark?
cascaroside A and B, hydrolyzed by gut bacteria to form purgative emodin
why was cascaroside A and B banned as laxative agents?
potentially carcinogenic, use banned by FDA
cascaroside A and B is hydrolyzed by gut bacteria to form what purgative agent?
emodin
_______: low shrub in rainforests of Brazilian highlands & Bolivia
Indigenous used bark from fibrous roots to treat intestinal infections
powerful emetic
digestive stimulant in small doses
ipecac
