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BIOL 3290 > PLANT STIMULANTS- ORAL AND SMOKED > Flashcards

PLANT STIMULANTS- ORAL AND SMOKED Flashcards

12 questions

1
Q

_______: increase neurotransmission, stimulate CNS, produces a sense of power and well-being, increased self-confidence, and exhileration. They alleviate fatigue, increase agitation, apprehension, and anxiety. Increased tolerance occurs over time, resulting in cravings and possible addiction.

A

stimulants

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2
Q

_______: they decrease neurotransmission, depress CNS, produce a sense of euphoria and well-being. High doses result in sedation, calming effects. These drugs are hypnotic and anaesthetic, can definitely be addictive. Tolerance develops over time, need increasing dosages.

A

depressants

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3
Q

______: these alter neurotransmission to induce abnormal changes in perception, thought and mood, altered pyshe and state of consciousness. They do not affect autonomic nervous system. Generally not addictive, but can be habit-forming.

A

hallucinogens

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4
Q

_____: tree-like palm species
native to SE Asia
seed/nut produces the stimulant
evidence of human use dates back 7500 years
about 10% of the global population chews ____ nut on a regular basis
preparation is often formalized and ritualistic, served on formal occasions
chewing ___ produces bright red juice, discolours teeth and gums
active principles: arecaidine and arecoline (nicotinic-acid based alkaloids)- similar to nicotine, just as addictive
shown to expel intestinal worms, increases risk of oral cancer

A

betel

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5
Q

is betel nut actually chewed?

A

kind of but not really, it is initially mascerated quickly then held in the cheek over time

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6
Q

shavings of areca palm seed, mixed with mineral lime (reduce acidity), wrapped in betel leaf are the….

A

basic ingredients of betel

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7
Q

gambir and various spices/colouring can be added to betel… what is gambir?

A

resinous substance obtained by steam distillation of leaves of a shrub

typically sold in small, pale-brown cubes

tobacco is often added as well

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8
Q

T/F: betel is a known expectorant

A

true! causes people to spit out juice/phlegm

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9
Q

what are the active principles of betel?

A

arecaidine and arecoline
nicotinic-acid based alkaloids
stimulant effect similar to nicotine, just as addictive

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10
Q

_____: solanaceous annual herb
member of Tomato/Solanaceous family
grows to the height of 2m
native to Amazonia but cultivated around the world
was used in Americas for at least a thousand years prior to colonization
used by Aztec, various Amazon tribes as well… variable effects of _____ result from different species (also cultural experiences)
leaves can be smoked, chewed, snuffed… salves can be rubbed into skin
was long viewed as a medicinal plant in Europe
addictive properties: nicotine and nornicotine (pyridine alkaloids)
considered highly addictive

A

tobacco

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11
Q

which plant has closely related but smaller species in Mexico, southern US, and Australia

A

tobacco,
N. rustica (Aztec tobacco from Mexico/US)
Nicotiana species (Australia)

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12
Q

_______ was used shamanistically, in ceremonies, for pleasure and social interactions

A

tobacco

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13
Q

what are the different ways to consume tobacco?

A

smoke it, chewed, snuffed, tobacco-based salve can be rubbed into the skin

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14
Q

how was tobacco introduced into Europe?

A

indigenous use of tobacco in Caribbean Islands in late 1400s, leaves were dried, rolled, and smoked (like a cigar)… habit was taken up by Spanish and Portuguese sailors… introduced into Europe and influenced the exploration of the world to find new supplies of tobacco leaves

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15
Q

what are the active components of tobacco?

A

nicotine and nornicotine (pyridine alkaloids)

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16
Q

_____ has a complex mode of action, generally considered a stimulant but also has a depressant effect on anxious/agitated users

A

tobacco

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17
Q

T/F: more people are addicted to nicotine than any other natural product

A

true! considered highly addictive (even more than meth! addiction score of 99)

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18
Q

dried tobacco leaves contain __-__% nicotine, with small amounts of nornicotine and camphor

A

0.6-0.9%

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19
Q

when smoking tobacco, nicotine reaches the brain in ___ seconds

A

five

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20
Q

what happens when nicotine reaches the brain?

A

hit of dopamine, stimulates neurotransmission by mimicking acetylcholine and also stimulating the release of dopamine/adrenaline

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21
Q

_____ initially stimulates, but subsequently blocks, sensory receptors on the skin and tongue responsible for detecting heat and pain… also an appetite suppressor

A

nicotine

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22
Q

adverse effects of tobacco only started to be studied/reported in…

A

1950s

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23
Q

what are the reported effects of tobacco addiction?

A

shortens life, causes lung and other forms of cancer, exacerbates heart disease, bronchitis and other diseases, hazardous to the unknown

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24
Q

what was the percentage of men and women smoking before the report of adverse effects in the 50s?

A

52% of men regularly smoked
34% of women

4300 cigs per person/year

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25
Q

how much were rates of smoking reduced by the 70s? 90s?

A

70s: cigarette use dropped to 4000 cigs/person/year

90s: 26% men, 22% women
2200 cigarettes per person/year

26
Q

in 1950, in a typical NA cigarette, there was ___ mg of tar and ___ mg of nicotine

A

30 mg tar
2.6 mg of nicotine

in the 90s: 12.5 mg tar, 0.9 mg nicotine

27
Q

T/F: smoking habits are very difficult to overcome

A

true!

28
Q

are success rates of stop-smoking aids are low… what percentage of people are actually able to stop smoking?

A

fewer than 25% of patients stop smoking for at least one year

29
Q

other than nicotine patches, sprays and and gums, what other kinds of treatments are available?

A

antidepressant bupropion, which increases brain dopamine levels like nicotine

30
Q

what are the medicinal benefits of nicotine?

A

smokers suffer less from Parkinsons
schizophrenics are often heavy smokers, could be a form of self-medication
studies show it can alleviate Tourette’s and Alzheimers, as well as Parkinson’s

31
Q

how does nicotine stimulate dopamine?

A

mimicks acetylcholine, which controls dopamine production

32
Q

______: tall shrub
native to NE Africa and Arabian peninsula
cultivated in Ethiopia
fresh leaves and branchlets chewed for 10 mins to extract plant juices
much of the Ethiopian crop is exported to Yemen and Arabian peninsula (need fresh leaves so they’re shipped in banana leaves)
local demand is yemen is super high, 80% of men and 60% of women chew khat
active principle: cathinone (alkaloid)

A

khat/qat

33
Q

how is khat consumed?

A

fresh leaves and branchlets are chewed for ~10 mins to extract plant juices, residue is then swallowed with lots of sweetened water

34
Q

where is most of the Ethiopian crop of khat exported to?

A

yemen

35
Q

the potency of khat is said to be lost if material is more than _____ days old, so thats why its wrapped in banana leaves when shipped

A

three

36
Q

when does the chewing of khat normally begin? when does it end?

A

begins mid-afternoon, ends well into the evening

37
Q

why have concerns regarding substance abuse of khat arisen?

A

its addictive and very common in some countries

addiction has been implicated in the development of social problems, family instability, depression, anorexia, malnutrition, gastritis

38
Q

what is the active principle of khat?

A

cathinone (alkaloid)
amphetamine-like drug
stimulates the release of various neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine) from pre-synaptic terminals

39
Q

khat results in increased alertness, elevated mood, excitement, hyperactivity, insomnia, increased blood pressure, why?

A

cathinone stimulates the release of various neurotransmitters from pre-synaptic terminals

40
Q

cathinone is a Schedule ___ drug in the US, import is illegal into North America and most European countries

A

Schedule I drug

41
Q

______: small shrub
native to Andes mountains of Peru and Bolivia
widely cultivated in Andes and western Amazonia
traditional use: chewing two ounces of freshly harvested leaves (around 15 million people chew ___ leaves on a regular basis)
was once considered property of the Inca royal family
active principle: cocaine
Sigmund Freud was an early advocate for its use
treated toothaches, pains, digestive remedies
banned in US in 1914
used as local anaesthetic
alters synaptic transmission in the CNS, blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine
toxic at high doses

A

coca

42
Q

most harvested coca leaves go to the illicit market, but indigenous use is still important…traditional use involves chewing two ounces of freshly harvested leaves per day, which corresponds to ___ mg of cocaine

A

50

43
Q

chewing coca leaves produces a mild, stimulating effect, without the addictive effects associated with cocaine abuse… what were the benefits that led to its traditional use?

A

increase concentration and stamina, overcome hunger and fatigue, treat headaches, nausea, and altitude sickness

44
Q

“divine coca” was once considered property of the ____ royal family

A

Inca

45
Q

when did coca use become widespread? who banned and then distributed it?

A

the Spaniards, they intially banned the chewing of coca leaves when they first arrived in the early 1500s, but then realized their workers were much more efficient when given the drug, so they distributed coca leaves 3-4 times a day

46
Q

coca was widely ignored in Europe until its active component (cocaine) was discovered by ______, a German biochemist

A

Albert Niemann

47
Q

_______ was a strong activist in the use of cocaine… he recommended cocaine be used to combat morphine withdrawal (which was a huge problem at the time), it was also thought to relieve depression and indigestion (as it is a stimulant)
however, he soon realized the dangerously addictive nature of the drug

A

sigmund freud

he himself was addicted to the drug, even after publishing the dangers of its abuse

48
Q

Dr Jekyl and Mr Hyde, Sherlock Holmes, Ernest Shackleton were all examples of characters, authors, and people that were addicted to…

A

cocaine

49
Q

William Halstead (surgeon in New York), explored the use of cocaine as an anaesthetic on himself, became addicted and had to remove himself from society. He eventually became head of surgery at John Hopkins, but used daily ____ injections to combat his cocaine addiction for the rest of his life

A

morphine

50
Q

By the late 1800s, _____ was relatively inexpensive and freely available across Europe and America.

A

cocaine

it was added to cigarettes, in French tonic wine (11% alcohol and 6.5 mg cocaine/ounce)

51
Q

French tonic wine (French Wine of Coca) was recommended to drink 5 oz how many times a day?

A

3 times per day, meaning people were consuming 100 mg of cocaine per day… even endorsed by the Pope at the time…. used by Thomas Edison and US presidents (Grant)

52
Q

Pemberton developed ______ after he was forced to develop a non-alcoholic version of French Wine of Coca

A

Coca-Cola

53
Q

one bottle of original coca-cola contained ___ mg of cocaine, with four times the caffeine content as today

A

60

54
Q

cocaine was banned in the US in ____, when its addictive properties became too obvious to ignore

A

1914

also made illegal in Europe at the same time

55
Q

what was the first medicinal use of cocaine?

A

local anaesthetic in eye surgery and dentistry

eventually replaced by semi-synthetic procaine (novacaine) which does not stimulate the CNS

56
Q

______ exerts its effect by altering synaptic transmission in the CNS, it blocks re-uptake of neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine, resulting in their buildup

A

cocaine

57
Q

elevated core body temp, pupil dilation, constriction of blood vessels are all symptoms of what drug?

A

cocaine

58
Q

cocaine increases risk of heart attack by ___ times

A

24, it reduces blood flow to the heart

59
Q

what are the two ways recreational cocaine is prepared?

A

cocaine hydrochloride: dissolve cocaine in hydrochloric acid to form a powder (oral, intravenous, intra-nasally taken)

crack cocaine: processing cocaine with sodium bicarbonate/ammonia, creates product that melts at 98 degrees Celsius (CO2 released when smoked, causes crackling sound)

60
Q

_____ produces an exhilarating rush that lasts 10-20 mins
often results in binging as users are constantly trying to recreate that initial high

A

cocaine

61
Q

symptoms of ____ poisoning include: rapid heart rate, elevated blood pressure, visual hallucinations, crawling sensation on skin, paranoid psychosis

A

cocaine

62
Q

_____ abuse remains the most frequent drug-related cause of death in hospital ERs… almost always from cardiovascular failure

A

cocaine

BIOL 3290 (13 decks)

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