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BIOL 3290 > NON-ALKALOID HALLUCINOGENS > Flashcards

NON-ALKALOID HALLUCINOGENS Flashcards

12 questions

1
Q

______: weedy annual
Aster family
native to Eurasia
used medicinally for at least 2000 years
mentioned in Ebers Papyrus, and by both Dioscorides ad Pliny!
first developed in Switzerland in late 1700s
Pernod Fils opened a factory for commercial production
popular amongst the wealthy and intelligents, by late 1800s popular amongst everyone
sugar eventually added to counteract the essential oils (terpenes)
active principle: monoterpine thujone (psychoactive neurotoxin)
heavy consumption causes hallucinations, convulsions
banned in the early 1900s
Vincent van Gogh drank it, may have been addicted, might have brought on his suicide
recently made a comeback: “true” or “bohemian” style

A

absinthe

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2
Q

T/F: mixtures of alcohol and medicinal herbs have a long history (Pliny described it as absinthites), became much more common when distillation was invented

A

true!

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3
Q

how did Pernod Fils make his version of absinthe?

A

his version: distillation of alcohol containing wormwood and numerous other herbs for colour and flavour

manufactured by steeping herbal mixture in strong alcohol, followed by distillation to concentrate alcohol and various volatile herbal secondary products

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4
Q

why does the high alcohol content of absinthe matter? (>40%)

A

ensures the volatile oils remain in solution

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5
Q

why is absinthe green?

A

from natural chlorophyll

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6
Q

T/F: “true” Pernod absinthe is expensive and led to many cheap imitations as it gained popularity…
many people added cupric acetate and antimony chloride to make green colour… these are dangerous and potent neurotoxins and caused people to get sick

A

true

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7
Q

what was the aesthetic ritual of drinking absinthe

A

cube of sugar was placed on sieve, perched over absinthe, cold water poured over sugar to dilute alcohol and produce yellow turpidity (wormwood terpenes precipitate out)

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8
Q

what is the active principle of absinthe?

A

thujone, monoterpene

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9
Q

how does thujone work?

A

its a GABA-blocker, causes the firing of neural synapses resulting in tremors and convulsions

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10
Q

how did sellers of absinthe combat the rumours of the dangers of absinthism?

A

they continued to publish about the medicinal virtues of absinthe and successfully fought the “rumours” about the dangers of absinthe

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11
Q

absinthe was banned during WWI in most places, how much absinthe was the Pernod company making before the war started?

A

producing over 10 million gallons annually

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12
Q

T/F: current evidence suggests that the symptoms of absinthism may have been attributable to acute alcohol poisoning since the concentration of thujone in absinthe is relatively low

A

true

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13
Q

T/F: Vincent van Gogh was addicted to absinthe… some have hypothesized that his psychosis may have been impacted by his absinthe drinking

A

true!

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14
Q

what are the two styles of absinthe produced (now that its back in style)?

A

true absinthe: similar to original recipe

bohemian style: not actually absinthe! blueish, does not louche when sugar is added, some are just terrible

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15
Q

European law has set the max thujone content at ____

A

10 ppm (10 mg per kg)

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16
Q

how much thujone did Pernod absinthe have in it?

A

60-90 ppm

some competing brands had levels as high as 260-350 ppm!

10 ppm (legal limit) is so low!!

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17
Q

T/F: todays absinthe brands are high in alcohol (around 70%)- compared to Pernod absinthe (~40%)

A

true!

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18
Q

______: large tree
Indigenous to Banda Islands (present day Indonesia)
important in spice trade of 1600s- two important spices found from plant
added to betel nut preparations and to chewing/snuffing tobacco in parts of Asia
listed in Muslim writings as an intoxicating drug along with opium, hash, henbane
first used as psychoactive drug in NA by New Orleans jazz musicians, then prisoners as a substitute for amphetamines
effect is similar to delirant tropane alkaloids
active principles: myristicin and elemicin (phenols)
- thought to be metabolized into amphetamine-like compounds

A

nutmeg

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19
Q

T/F: lethal dose of nutmeg is only five times the effective dose, making it a very dangerous psychoactive

A

true

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20
Q

what are the two spices obtained from nutmeg fruit

A

nutmeg from the seed
mace from the fleshy aril surrounding the fruit

both contain psychoactive principles

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21
Q

how was nutmeg used in prisons? what were the effects?

A

1-8 tablespoons of powdered nutmeg are dissolved in water and taken quickly

immediate gagging, vomiting, severe headaches, dizziness, nausea

gives sense of detachment from reality, feeling like floating/flying, deep coma-like sleep, severe body aches, depression

22
Q

what are the active principles of nutmeg?

A

myristicin and elemicin
phenols

23
Q

T/F: myristicin (mild MAO inhibitor) and elemicin (from nutmeg) are thought to be metabolized into amphetamine-like compounds

A

true! why people use them in prison!

myristicin into MMDA
elemicin into TMA

24
Q

_____: herbaceous member of Mint family
only from Oaxaca region of Mexico
does not occur naturally (cultigen!!)
used as shamanistic inebriant by Mazatec people of Oaxaca, in conjunction with sacred mushrooms and ololiuqui
active principles: two diterpenoids, salvinorin-A/B
- highly selective kappa opioid receptor agonist

A

diviner’s sage- salvia!

25
Q

the entheogenic use of salvia includes ingestion of leaves, varying from how many?

A

6-240!

26
Q

what is the traditional leaf-chewing method of salvia?

A

~10 fresh leaves are gently chewed and held in mouth
hallucinations begin after around 10 mins

27
Q

what are the active components of salvia?

A

salvinorin-A/B
diterpenoids, potent highly selective kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists

28
Q

T/F: salvinorins are the most potent natural-source hallucinogens known

A

true!
only 0.2-1 mg needed to produce strong effect

LSD is more potent, but its a semi-synthetic

29
Q

______: rapidly-growing annual plant
native to East/Central Asia
produces separate male and female plants!
potent resin is obtained from unfertilized female flowering heads
three overlapping but separate species: sativa, indica, ruderalis
one of the first plant species to be domesticated- for its plant fiber, nutritious seeds, seed oil
earliest use as psychoactive drug in ancient China
Scythians likely introduced it into Europe and North Africa
psychoactive effects long known in India (mentioned in Vedas as holy plant! 3500 years ago)
three preparations used in India: bhang, ganja, charas
known as kif/dagga in Africa, used as medicine and drug
introduced into US by Mexican labourers in 1920s
Emily F. Murphy (Janey Canuck) introduced it as a concept to Canada
- caused it to be added to regulated substances in 1929 Opium and Narcotics Drug Act
- Narcotics Control Act of 1961 banned all ______-… jail time reduced in 1970
- full legalization: Oct. 17, 2018
Harry Anslinger (USA) had a personal crusade against it (was super racist!)
- made illegal in 1937 under _____ Stamp Act
active principle: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
- second related compound: cannabidiol (CBD)
psychoactive effects vary greatly, depending on dosage, chemotype, method of administration
long been used for medicinal reasons! Ayurvedic medicine, Africa, Greeks
used to combat side effects of chemotherapy, glaucoma
CBD alleviates pain, muscle spasms (MS, spinal cord injuries)
Legal in Canada, Scedule I drug in US at federal level, legal at some state levels

A

marijuana

30
Q

T/F: male and female plants are the same in cannabis

A

false! different plants (relatively uncommon phenomenon)

31
Q

where is the potent resin (sensemilla) of marijuana found?

A

unfertilized female flowering heads

32
Q

what are the three overlapping cannabis species?

A

C. sativa
C. indica
C. ruderalis

33
Q

T/F: most botanists recognize three “chemotypes” of C. sativa… a drug type, intermediate type, hemp fibre type

A

true!

34
Q

marijuana was one of the first plant species to be domesticated, evidence of its use 8000 years ago, where?

A

Eastern Asia

35
Q

earliest evidence of cannabis being used as a psychoactive drug came from where?

A

ancient China

perhaps forgotten, or erased. written about in Fire Emperor’s Herbal of Medicine

36
Q

the Scythians of Central Asia used marijuana how?

A

in steam baths, to produce narcotic smoke

they likely introduced cannabis into Europe/North Africa!

37
Q

which plant had a powerful spiritual and mythological association in Hindu culture, considered a holy plant by the Vedas, and associated with the worship of Shiva (Hindu deity)

A

marijuana

38
Q

what are the three kinds of cannabis preparations in India?

A

bhang- dried leaves + flower heads in milk (mixed with herbs and spices) then drank, or put in candy/cakes

Ganja- obtained from resin (3x more potent than bhang)
often smoked with tobacco or Datura

Charas- pure brown cannabis resin (known as hashish)
4-8x more potent than bhang
smoked in pipes

39
Q

_____ became an important component of religious ceremonies in N Mexico following its introduction to the Americas

A

cannabis

40
Q

____ is central to the Rastafarian religious movement, founded in Jamaica

A

cannabis

41
Q

how was marijuana likely introduced to the US? when?

A

through Mexican immigrants in the 1920s

42
Q

how did the Marijuana Stamp Act is the US effectively ban the substance in 1937?

A

couldn’t posses, sell, or trade without a stamp

but no stamps were produced! so it was just all illegal

asking for a stamp was a form of self-incrimination

43
Q

why was marijuana temporarily allowed in the US during WWII

A

to make rope and canvas from hemp fibre

44
Q

what is the active principle of marijuana?

A

THC

CBD is a related compound, not psychoactive but plays a role

45
Q

how does marijuana give a ‘high’?

A

THC binds to cannbinoid receptors of CNS, mimicking effects of anandamide (CB receptor neurotransmitter)

natural anandamide releases small amounts of dopamine… THC mimics this “reward” response

also inhibits GABA production, prolonging euphoric effect

CBD inhibits anxiety symptoms often associated with high THC intake

46
Q

what changes in our body does marijuana do? how do we feel its effect?

A

dopamine release = euphoric effect
anandamide mimic affects areas of human brain associated with eating = increases pleasure associated with eating (NOT appetite)
alters blood flow to cerebellum, affects our perception of time

47
Q

T/F: potent high-THC marijuana cultivars have been favoured recently… wayyy more THC way less CBD

increases anxiety symptoms + paranoia!

A

true!

48
Q

how much THC content was there in marijuana in the 70s? 90s? now?

A

0.4%
4%
25%

49
Q

T/F: accumulating evidence has indicated long-term marijuana use results in short-term memory impairment, respiratory problems, chronic psychosis

A

true!

50
Q

how was maijuana used medicinally? (Ayurvedic medicine, Africa)

A

analgesic, antiseptic, appetite promoter

dioscorides and galen described it as an analgesic and anti-flatulent, also “diminshed sexual potency”

51
Q

synthetic THC (marketed as Marinol) is a Schedule II drug in the US, what is it used for?

A

used to treat nausea and to stimulate the appetite

BIOL 3290 (13 decks)

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