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BIOL 3290 > CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

6 questions

1
Q

______: fast-growing European tree
bark treats chronic pain, fevers, headache, gout (gastrointestinal pain and inflammation)
contains phenolics salicin and salicylic acid

A

white willow

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2
Q

willow bark contains phenolics ______ and _______, both of which have fever reducing and pain relieving properties

A

salicin and salicylic acid

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3
Q

how is willow bark fever reducing and pain relieving?

A

fever reducing: release of body heat following peripheral blood flow stimulation
pain relieving: CNS depression

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4
Q

what was semi-synthesized from salicylic acid? in 1899

A

acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)
close analogue thats just as effective with less side effects (no stomach pain/nausea)

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5
Q

what is ASA patented as?

A

asprin

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6
Q

ASA is antipyretic (fever reducing) an analgesic and an anti-inflammatory… what else can it help?

A

highly effective treatment for angina (chest pains) and can reduce risk of cardiac diseases if less than 100 mg is taken by a healthy adult everyday

can also prevent some cancers!

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7
Q

why is it dangerous for older adults to take a daily ASA dose of less than 100 mg?

A

it can cause major intestinal bleeding, anemia, and cancer-related deaths

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8
Q

______: small perennial herb
belongs to Tomato family
native to South/Central America
two forms: tabasco and habanero
proto-alkaloid capsaicin is concentrated only in placental tissue
irritant in mammals, strong burning sensation when capsaicin binds to vanilloid ion-channel receptors that normally respond to excessive heat/physical abrasion

A

capsicum pepper

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9
Q

tabasco peppers have _____ fruit, habanero have _____ fruit

A

oblong
lantern-shaped

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10
Q

why are capsicum peppers “hot”?

A

the proto-alkaloid capsaicin binds to vanilloid ion-channel receptors that respond to heat/abrasion, giving the hot feeling when peppers are consumed

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11
Q

where is proto-alkaloid capsaicin found in capsicum peppers?

A

the placental tissues, where the seeds attach

not found anywhere else in the plant!

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12
Q

does capsaicin affect any other animals other than mammals?

A

no! birds and invertebrates are fine!

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13
Q

why are capsicum peppers used in cooking if they burn so badly?

A

perception of pain from our vanilloid receptors results in the release of endorphins, giving a pleasurable sensation!

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14
Q

______ overwhelms neural transmission resulting in neurotransmitter depletion that reduces pain sensation over time

A

capsaicin

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15
Q

why have controlled doses of capsaicin been incorporated into topical analgesics?

A

overwhelms neural transmission resulting in neurotransmitter depletion that reduces pain sensation over time
used for minor cuts/scrapes, more severe skin conditions like psoriasis, and shingles/chickenpox

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16
Q

______ has anti-fungal, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer properties
it kills prostate cancer cells and inhibits growth of leukemia cells!

A

capsaicin

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17
Q

_____: weedy herbacious perennial
native to Europe, widely naturalized in E NA
fresh root has long history of use in folk medicine- promote sleep and have mild sedative effect
valepotriates (valerenic acid and valtrate) and a number of essential oils (terpendoids)

A

valerian

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18
Q

what is the medieval name for the valerian plant?

A

heal-all

19
Q

the _______ of valerian was used to historically treat
- digestive/urinary tract infections (ancient greeks)
-epilepsy
-nervous afflictions (stress, anxiety, sleep disorders)
-nervous tension

A

fresh root

20
Q

where does the sedative effect of valerian root come from?

A

combination of secondary products
valepotriates: valerenic acid and valtrate
essential oils (terpenoids)

21
Q

what other three herbal sedatives have clincal support?

A

hops
lemon balm
passion flower

22
Q

when valerian root is fresh it smells sweet… what does dried root smell like?

A

very unpleasant, very attractive to cats and rats

23
Q

_______: European perennial herb
naturalized in NA, Asia, Australia
antidepressant agent
sedative/tranquilizer
expectorant in treating colds and chest congestion
anti-biotic and anti-viral properties
secondary products: hypericin and hyperforin (phenolic derivatives)

A

St. John’s Wort

24
Q

the oral ingestion of St John’s Wort had all but ended until clincal studies saw that it actually was an effective ______

A

anti-depressant

25
Q

St John’s Wort is considered a noxious _____ in many of the places its been naturalized, in NA Asia and Australia

A

weed

26
Q

In the Middle Ages, ______ was said to repel evil spirits and had “magic powers”
used to treat depression, anxiety, insomnia
also treated gastrointestinal problems, bladder ailments, kidney and lung disorders, cancerous tumours

A

St John’s Wort

27
Q

why is St John’s wort maybe better than synthetic anti-depressants? like prozac and paxil?

A

does the same job (treat mild to moderate depression) with fewer side effects!

28
Q

what are the active secondary products of St John’s wort?

A

hypericin and hyperforin, phenolic derivatives

29
Q

what do hypericin and hyperforin do? (phenolic derivatives)

A

inhibit the re-uptake of five major neurotransmitters:
serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA, L-glutamate

what causes anti-depressant effect!

30
Q

_____ has antibiotic and anti-viral properties, incorporated into skin ointments
while also being an antidepressant!

A

hyperforin

31
Q

_____: ancient tree species
native to China
mainly a cultigen! (only a few recently discovered native species)
“living fossil”
large, very old trees are revered
sexes are seperate
long use in traditional Chinese medicine
promotes vasodilation
particularly beneficial for elderly!
diterpenoids ginkgolides A-C are the active principles, free-radical scavengers

A

ginkgo

32
Q

the ginkgo tree is considered a living fossil… why?

A

its the sole living member of a very ancient group of seed plants… gingko fossils have dated back to the Jurassic Period!!

33
Q

Gingko trees are considered sacred in Japan, where are they planted?

A

in temple gardens

34
Q

gingko _____ were used to improve blood scirculation, treat skin disorders, as a plaster, meanwhile the _____ were used to treat asthma, coughs, and bladder problems

A

leaves
seeds

35
Q

are gingko seeds edible?

A

yes! can be consumed raw or roasted

36
Q

gingko is used to treat various symptoms of poor blood circulation- like short-term memory loss, arterial diseases, depression, cognitive problems, inner ear disorders…. why?

A

gingko extracts promote vasodilation- the opening of blood vessels which increases circulation!

37
Q

T/F: gingko extracts seem to be very beneficial to elderly patients

A

true!

38
Q

what are the active principles of ginkgo?

A

ginkgolides A-C

diterpenoids and free-radical scavengers (promotes nerve cell viability!)

39
Q

_______: perennial, bulb-producing herbaceous plants
Daffodil family
used medicinally in Eastern Europe and Russia for CNS disorders- also polio!
active constituent: galantamine (alkaloid) which inhibits acetylcholinesterase (the enzyme that degrades acetylcholine)… so there would be increased stores of acetylcholine… since galantamine also STIMULATES the release of acetylcholine
treats Alzheimers, but not a cure
treats poisoning by organophosphates, reduces effects of anaesthetics, treats symptoms of autism, enhances memory

A

caucasian snowdrop

40
Q

what is the active component of the caucasian snowdrop?

A

galantamine (alkaloid)

41
Q

what does galantamine do?

A

inhibit acetylcholinesterase (the enzyme that degrades acetylcholine)
also stimulates the release of acetylcholine

so overall… lots of acetylcholine present in body (specifically neuron synapses)!

42
Q

______ has been approved for treatment of mild-moderate Alzheimers!!

Alzheimers results in a major decrease in acetylcholine levels… _____ can increase levels of acetylcholine in the brain and subsequently help with the symptoms of Alzheimers

A

galantamine
not a cure, but if taken regularly can help for over a year

43
Q

where can galantamine also be found…

A

in bulbs of other members of its genus, also daffodils, snowflakes, spider lilies

BIOL 3290 (13 decks)

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