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BIOL 3290 > PLANT STIMULANTS- CAFFEINE > Flashcards

PLANT STIMULANTS- CAFFEINE Flashcards

6 questions

1
Q

before the 1500s there were very few psychoactive substances in Europe (alcohol had a major influence, because it was one of the only ones available)

following European oceanic global explorations, what were some main examples of plant stimulants brought to Europe?

A

tobacco (SA), coffee (Arabian), tea (China), chocolate/cocao (SA)

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2
Q

how much caffeine is in coffee? where is it found?

A

seeds
1-2%

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3
Q

how much caffeine is in tea? where is it found?

A

leaves
1-4%

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4
Q

how much caffeine/theobromine is in cola? where is it found?

A

seeds
2-3% caffeine
1-2.5% theobromine

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5
Q

how much caffeine is in mate? where is it found?

A

leaves
0.8-1.3%

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6
Q

how much caffeine is in guarana? where is it found?

A

seeds
4-6%

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7
Q

how much theobromine is in cocoa? where is it found?

A

seeds
3%

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8
Q

_____: trimethylxanthine alkaloid
mild diuretic/stimulant

A

caffeine

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9
Q

_____: trimethylxanthine alkaloid
stronger diuretic

A

theobromine

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10
Q

____ may be an important calming agent, 250-300 mg calms a hyperactive child (many children in SA drink mate and show low-no hyperactivity)

A

caffeine

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11
Q

how many north american adults drink coffee? regularly

A

70%

can explain low levels of hyperactivity in adults

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12
Q

_______: small African trees
arabica is native to highlands of Ethiopia
robusta is native to west-central Africa
fruit= two-seeded red berry, seeds are extracted, fermented, dried, and roasted to give final flavour/aroma

most widely consumed caffeinated beverage (with tea)
grown commercially outside its native range (in Brazil, Vietnam)

A

coffee

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13
Q

_______: large shrub
native to Southeast Asia
long cultivated in China
grown most widely in China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka

evidence as a beverage plant in China dates back at least 3000 years
introduced to Europe by Portuguese, Dutch monopolized its trade… then British
- over 20 million pounds shipped to England annually and exported to other countries

A

tea

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14
Q

what is tea produced from?

A

new, young leaves of plant (hand-harvested)

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15
Q

what is the difference in preparation between green tea and black tea?

A

green tea: partially shred and quickly dry fresh-picked leaves
black tea: slowly dry fresh-picked leaves for a day (initiates enzymatic processes), then shred (to oxidize) and dry under cool and damp conditions, quick-dried or fired to produce dark colour of tea

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16
Q

________: medium-sized tree
member of Holly family
native to sub-tropical SA
tea-like beverage from leaves of tree
young, newly emerged leaves are clipped, dried, and ground into a powder
caffeinated beverage
large plantations in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina
sam cultural status in SA as coffee/tea in NA and Europe

A

yerba mate

17
Q

what is yerba mate served in?

A

traditional cup made from dried gourd (mate)

18
Q

how do you make yerba mate?

A

one third of gourd cup is filled with powdered leaf, hot water added. liquid is then drawn through a metal straw-strainer called a “bombilla”

19
Q

T/F: drinking yerba mate is a social affair

A

true! usually leisurely consumed with friends

20
Q

______: large holly tree
native to Amazonian forest of Eastern Peru and Ecuador
closely related to yerba mate
highest known caffeine content (by dry weight)… reaches 7.6% in some trees!
used ritualistically by Achuar Jivaro people
Jivaro men drink up to 2L a day, women much less
can lead to severe headache, bloodshot eyes, mild hallucinations
Achuar Jivaro men avoid this by vomiting 45 mins after binge drinking _______

A

guayana

21
Q

which peoples drink guayana?

A

Achuar Jivaro people, used ritualistically

22
Q

______: small understory tree
native to tropical SA, mostly cultivated in West Africa today
flowers & fruit are produced on main trunk and large branches
seeds inside pulp of fruit is where “beans” are found
2-3% theobromine
small amounts of cannabinoid neurotransmitter ananadamide (releases dopamine)
earliest use dates back 5300 years ago

A

cocoa/cacao/chocolate

23
Q

explain the process of making chocolate:

A

beans are extracted from mature fruit and fermented
dried
stored and shipped to NA or Europe for processing into chocolate
beans are roasted, grinded into oily mass where cocoa butter and cocoa powder are separated
chocolate is produced by blending cocoa liquor and adding cocoa butter with sugar, milk, flavouring agents

24
Q

what neurotransmitter is found in chocolate?

A

anandamide
affects mood, appetite, perception of time
promotes release of dopamine

25
Q

when and where was the first archeological use of cocoa found?

A

5300 years ago in upper Amazon region of Ecuador

26
Q

when and where was the first archeological use of chocolate found?

A

1500 years ago in Mayan drinking vessel

27
Q

when was the first major shipment of cocoa to Europe?

A

1585
initially popular in Spain, Portugal, Italy and France - only the very wealthy could afford it

28
Q

why do cocoa become much more popular in mid-1800s?

A

people discovered adding emulsifiers and preservatives to prevent congealing and spoilage

29
Q

_____: medium-sized tree
native to tropical rainforests of west-central Africa
closely related to cocoa tree (belong to same family)
mainly cultivated in west Africa but also grown in Brazil and Caribbean
pod-like fruit contains in 8-12 seeds/beans
main stimulant is caffeine but theobromine also present
flavouring is extracted using hot water and is concentrated into thick syrup
beans are chewed as oral stimulants in west Africa, can relive hunger pangs
also used in traditional spiritual and divination ceremonies

A

cola/kola

30
Q

T/F: most cola beverages are still flavoured with cola syrup

A

false! most are flavoured artificially

31
Q

what two countries are cola beans chewed as stimulants?

A

niger and nigeria

32
Q

what is cola flavouring made of?

A

caffeine
theobromine
various aromatic compounds

33
Q

______: woody climbing plant
native to tropical SA
seeds initially used by Satere-Maue tribe of Amazonian Brazil to produce a strong, caffeinated beverage
roasted red-black seeds range from 4-6% caffeine content
cultivated widely as shrub in Manaus region of Amazonian Brazil
carbonated beverages with _____ are very popular in Brazil, “national drink”
has been a huge increase in international demand recently, used in various teas and herbal mixtures, energy drinks!

A

guarana

34
Q

how many guarana sodas are consumed daily in Brazil? “national drink”

A

17 million

35
Q

why has the demand for guarana increased recently?

A

used in many herbal teas/beverages, also in lots of energy drinks! because of high caffeine content of its seeds (4-6%)

36
Q

who initially used guarana seeds in Amazonian Brazil?

A

Satere-Maue tribe

BIOL 3290 (13 decks)

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