urininalysis Flashcards
What should be recorded in the medical record and report
Method of collection
What can urine be stored in
Red top tube or UA container
How soon should the sample be analyzed
30-60 min
How long can urine be refrigerated
6-12 hours
What may happen in over refrigerated urine
Affects USG and crystals may form
What should be done before evaluation on cold urine
Warmed to room temp and mixed gently
What should be done for cytological evaluation
Centrifuged ASAP
What is affected in cytological evaluation if not done correctly
Decrease in glucose and bilirubin
What forms a top layer on urine
Toluene
What can interfere with chemical tests
4% formalin - 1gtt/30ml
What is a 1:9 ratio
5% phenol
What do clients often confuse when asked about bathroom habits
Polyuria and oliguria. Ask amount
What can cause oliguria
Renal failure or PU/PD
What is normal output for dog and cat
20-40 ml/kg
What colors are normal
Straw, yellow, pale yellow, amber
What color indicates normal/high concentration
Dark yellow
What color indicates renal dz
Colorless
What color indicates bile pigments
Dark yellow/bright green
What color indicates blood
Bright red
What color indicates hematuria/hemaglobinuria
Reddish brown
What color indicates myoglobin
Brown
What color indicates drugs
Orange
Celerity of fresh urine
Clear/slightly cloudy
What causes cloudy urine
Bacteria
What causes oily urine
Lipiduria
What causes foamy urine
Increased protein
What causes yellow foamy urine
Bilirubin
What causes ammonia urine
Bacteria
What causes sweet urine
Bacteria, cystitis, diabetes
What causes fruity urine
Bacteria or diabetes
What does USG assess
Ability to concentrate urine
What is USG compared to
Distiller water
Dog USG
1.018-1.045
Cat USG
1.020-1.040
What does high USG mean
Fluid loss, shock, acute renal dz
What does low USG mean
Polydipsia, diabetes insipidus, liver dz, renal dz
When is isosthenuria seen
Renal dz
T or F: dipstick test is reliable
False
What should be done with hematuria urine for dipstick test
Centrifuges and use supernate
Normal dog pH
5.5-6.8
Normal cat pH
6-7
What urine pH do herbivores have
Alkaline
What test is sensitive to albumin
Protein
Normal protein
Trace/none
What does 2+ protein indicate
Significant proteinuria
Causes of proteinuria
UTI, glomular dz, hematuria
What can cause positive protein
Diet, exercise, renal dz, tumor, trauma
What can cause false positive protein
Alkaline urine, contact time, detergents
Normal glucose
None
When does glycosuria exist
When blood glucose levels exceed renal absorption
Dog glucose
180-200
Feline glucose
280
Equine glucose
160-200
Bovine glucose
100-140
When can false negative glucose happen
Increase ascorbic acid(vit. C) or drugs
What causes persistent hyperglycemia
Diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism
What causes transient hyperglycemia
Stress, pancreatitis, 1-2 hrs post meal
What are ketones
Excess acetyl coaline from fatty acids in liver
Normal ketones
None
What is the cause of ketones
Unregulated diabetes mellitus, toxemia in sheep, lactating cows, starvation
What shades indicate bilirubin on dipsticks
Beige
Normal bilirubin
None
Positive bilirubin due to
Low renal threshold, hepatobilary dz, intra vascular hemolysis
What causes False negative bilirubin
Aged urine, UV exposure, high vitamin C
What is the least useful dipstick test
Urobilinogen
Normal urobilinogen
Trace
What causes increased urobilinogen
Liver dz, hyperbilrubinemia
What is derived from diet
Nitrate
What converts nitrate to nitrite
Gram (-) bacteria
Normal nitrate
Trace
Normal blood
None
Hematuria supernate color
Clear
Hemoglobinura supernate color
Red/orange
When will an animal have low HCT/PCV
Hemoglobinura
What can cause RBC’S to lyse
Very dilute, alkaline, or old urine
Normal WBC
None
When is it normal to see large amounts of sediment
Horse and rabbit urine
What might stain produce
Artiface
What is the choice stain
Sternheimer-malbin
What is a secondary stain
0.5% new methylene blue
