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Blood > Urine - Gross and Chemical Exam > Flashcards

Urine - Gross and Chemical Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Hilus

A

Indented part of kidney where vessels, nerves, and ureter enters/leaves

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2
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

Funnel-like beginning of the ureter

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3
Q

Nephrons

A

Part of kidney that does the work
* renal corpuscle
* proximal convoluted tubules
* loop of Henle
* distal convoluted tubules
* collecting tubule

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4
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

Glomerulus surrounded by Bowman’s capsule

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5
Q

Flow and Production of Urine

A
  1. Blood enters glomerulus
  2. Plasma with waste filtered by PCT
  3. Moves through nephron and is modified
  4. Collecting tubules (now urine)
  5. Renal pelvis
  6. Ureter
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6
Q

Define

Anuria

A

No urine formation

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7
Q

Define

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of urinary bladder

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8
Q

Define

Dysuria

A

Difficult or painful urination

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9
Q

Define

Glomerular Filtrate

A

Fluid that passes from the blood through the glomerulus

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10
Q

Define

Glomerular Nephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney without infection

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11
Q

Define

Hematuria

A

Blood in the urine

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12
Q

Define

Hemoglobinuria

A

Hemoglobin in the urine
* will not show intact RBC
* see with autoimmune disease

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13
Q

Define

Isosthenuria

A
  • Urine with “fixed” SG similar to plasma and glomerular filtrate
  • 1.010
  • Kidneys have neither concentrated or diluted
  • Frequently seen in animals with chronic renal disease
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14
Q

Define

Myoglobinuria

A

Myoglobin in the urine
* protein from muscle breakdown
* brown urine that won’t spin out
* see with DIC as well

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15
Q

Define

Nephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney

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16
Q

Define

Oliguria

A

Decreased urine volume

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17
Q

Define

Polyuria

A

Abnormal increase in urine volume

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18
Q

Define

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney with bacteria

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19
Q

Define

Pyouria

A

Pus in the urine

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20
Q

Pollakiuria

A

Frequent urination

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21
Q

Methods of Urine Collection

A
  • Void
  • Manual expression of bladder
  • Catheterization
  • Cystocentesis
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22
Q

Voided Urine Collection

Advantages

A
  • Easy
  • Fast
  • Noninvasive
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23
Q

Voided Urine Collection

Disadvantages

A
  • Nonsterile
  • Can’t be used for bacterial exam or culture
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24
Q

Manual Expression of Bladder Urine Collection

Advantages

A
  • Used for back neurological damage
  • Done with sedation/anesthesia
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25
Q

Manual Expression of Bladder Urine Collection

Disadvantages

A
  • Nonsterile
  • Animals object
  • Possible bladder rupture or trauma leading to hematuria
26
Q

Catheterization Urine Collection

Advantages

A
  • Decreased amount of contamination
  • Preferred for urinary tract obstructions
  • Easiest in male dogs
27
Q

Catheterization Urine Collection

Disadvantages

A
  • Not completely sterile
  • Trauma to urethra/bladder
  • More difficult in cats and female dogs
28
Q

Cystocentesis Urine Collection

Advantages

A
  • Preferred for microbiology
  • Quick
  • Most animals tolerate
  • True urinary bladder sample
29
Q

Cystocentesis Urine Collection

Disadvantages

A
  • Need a fairly full bladder
  • Skill required to perform
30
Q

Handling Urine Samples

A
  • 1st AM sample best - most concentrated
  • Run within 30 minutes of collection
  • Refrigerate up to 6 hours
  • Small amount of formaline can be used to preserve - do this AFTER chemical and gross exam
31
Q

Changes to Urine Allows to Sit

A
  • Decreased glucose and bilirubin
  • Increased pH due to bacterial breakdown (urea to ammonia)
  • Increased cloudiness and production of crystals, or existing crystals melt
  • Casts disintegrate as pH changes
  • Increased bacteria - gram negative rods double every 20 minutes
32
Q

What is Included in Gross Urine Exams

A
  • Color
  • Transparency
  • Odor
  • Specific Gravity
  • Volume
33
Q

Normal Urine Color

A

Yellow to Amber

34
Q

Pale Urine Color

A
  • High fluid consumption
  • Diuretic therapy
  • Diabetes
  • Cushings
35
Q

Dark Urine Color

A

Dehydration

36
Q

Pink to Red Urine Color

A
  • Hemoglobinuria
  • Myoglobinuria (muscle disease)
  • Hematuria
37
Q

Differentiate Red Pigmenturia

A

Centrifuge Urine
* Red Sediment = Hematuria

Red Supernatant - Look at Plasma Color
* Clear = Myoglobinuria
* Red = Hemaglobinuria

38
Q

Yellow to Orange Urine Collor

A

Increased bilirubin

39
Q

Brown to Black Urine Color

A
  • Bilirubin
  • Methemoglobin
40
Q

White Urine Color

A

Pyouria

41
Q

Cloudy Urine Causes

A
  • Amorphous phosphates
  • WBCs
  • Bacteria
  • Mucous
  • Fat
42
Q

Causes of Odor in Urine

A
  • Fruity: ketonuria
  • Pungent/Ammonia: bacteria
  • Not diagnostic, but can be helpful
43
Q

Specific Gravity

A
  • Density of urine compared to pure water
  • Measures concentration and diluting ability of kidneys
  • First function to be lost as a result of tubular damage
44
Q

Normal SG

A
  • No true “normal” value
  • 1.003 - 1.035 average
  • Dogs can go up to 1.060
  • Cats can go up to 1.080
45
Q

SG

Distilled Water

A

1.000

46
Q

High vs Low SG

A
  • High = Dehydration / Shock
  • Low = Renal Disease, Diuretics, PU/PD
47
Q

Azotemia

A

Increase in BUN / Creatinine within blood

48
Q

Prerenal Azotemia

A

Reduced renal perfusion in dehydration / shock
* High SG

49
Q

Renal Azotemia

A

Inability of tubules to concetrate or dilute urine
* isosthenuria
* 2/3 of kidneys are nonfunctional

50
Q

Postrenal Azotemia

A

Blockage of urine output

51
Q

Chemical Exam

pH

A
  • Largely determined by diet
  • Normal is acidic (less than 7)
  • Alkaline in cystitis due to urea-splitting bacteria, or with urine allowed to sit due to bacterial action
52
Q

Urine pH

Alkaline vs Acidic

A

pH is associated with the hydrogen ion concentration
* increased ions = acidic
* decreased ions = alkaline

53
Q

Increased Acidity of Urine pH

Seen With

A
  • Carnivores
  • Severe diarrhea
  • Starvation
  • Diabetic ketosis (ER!)
54
Q

Increased Alkalinity of Urine pH

Seen With

A
  • UTI
  • Renal failure
  • Herbivores
55
Q

Chemical Exam

Protein

A
  • Trace is ok
  • If proteinuria, but no infection - problem is glomerular origin
56
Q

Chemical Exam

Glucose

A
  • Blood glucose threshold is 180 mg/dL (dogs) and 300 mg/dL (cats)
  • Above this, BG spills into urine
  • Glycosuria can occur with reduced reabsorptive capabilities - predisposes to bacterial cystitis
  • Glycosuria may not be detected with prolonged urine due to bacterial metabolism
57
Q

Chemical Exam

Bilirubin

A
  • Some ok in dogs
  • Any in cats is significant - higher threshold
  • Can be broken down in sunlight / artificial light
  • Can indicate liver disease
  • Confirm dipstick positive with Ictotest (more sensitive)
58
Q

Chemical Exam

Leukocytes

A

Completely unreliable in animals
* cats will always have false positives

59
Q

Chemical Exam

Ketones

A
  • Found when fat metabolism replaces carbohydrate metabolism for energy
  • Occurs with starvation and diabetes
  • Can be lost with air exposure - test urine immediately
60
Q

Chemical Exam

Urobilinogen

A
  • Produced in intestine by bacterial reduction of bilirubin
  • Indicates that bile duct is partially open
  • Absence indicates bild duct obstruction
  • Test is low sensitivity - little interpretive value

Blood (11 decks)

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