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Blood > Platelet Estimation and Hematology Analyzers > Flashcards

Platelet Estimation and Hematology Analyzers Flashcards

1
Q

Platelets

Technical Name

A

Thrombocytes

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2
Q

Platelet Count vs Estimate

A

Count
* written out as a number (uL)

Estimate
* range of platelets per oil field

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3
Q

Platelet Counting

A
  • 8-12 platelets / oil field
  • 1 platelet/field = 15-20,000 /uL
  • Describe as adequate, increased, or decreased
  • Can’t detect abnormal morphology
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4
Q

Platelet Estimate

Increased or Decreased

A
  • Record as decreased or increased
  • State how many are seen (range) in field
  • Look for clumps if decreased amounts
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5
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A
  • Decreased platelet amounts
  • Most common coagulation disorder in small animals
  • Cause often unknown
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6
Q

Thrombocytopenia

Indications

A
  • Immune-mediated disease
  • Bone marrow dysfunction
  • Splenic dysfunction
  • DIC
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7
Q

Giant Platelets

A
  • Approaching size of RBC
  • Indicative of early bone marrow release
  • Normal in cats and cavaliers
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8
Q

Platelet Clumps

A
  • Seen especially at feathered edge
  • Most common in cats
  • Note in place of adequate/decreased
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9
Q

Normal Platelet Count

Dogs vs Cat

A

Dog
* 200,000 - 500,000 /uL
* average 300,000

Cat
* 300,000 - 700,000 /uL
* average 450,000

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10
Q

Coagulation Stages

A
  • Mechanical Phase
  • Chemical Phase
  • Final Phase
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11
Q

Mechanical Phase

Coagulation

A
  • Primary hemostasis
  • Initiated when vessel torn or ruptured
  • Formation of platelet plug
  • Von Willebrand factor stabilizes plug
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12
Q

Chemical Phase

Coagulation

A
  • Secondary hemostasis
  • Formation of clot via coagulation cascade
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13
Q

Coagulation Cascade

A

Multiple coagulation factors that each experience chemical reactions to initiate next step of pathway
* Extrinsic
* Intrinsic
* Common

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14
Q

Final Phase

Coagulation

A

Breakdown of fibrin clot

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15
Q

Common Pathway

Coagulation Cascade

A

Forms final clot

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16
Q

Calcium and Platelets

A
  • Platelets release calcium
  • Calcium important for all stages of coagulation cascade
  • EDTA helps bind calcium to prevent clotting
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17
Q

Platelet Formation Stages

A
  • Myeloid Stem Cells
  • Megakaryoblasts
  • Promegakaryocyte
  • Megakaryocytes
  • Thrombocytes
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18
Q

Platelets

A
  • Non-nucleated fragments of cytoplasm
  • Multiple, fine pink-purple granules
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19
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

Increase in platelet numbers

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20
Q

Thrombocytopathia

A

Abnormal platelet function

21
Q

Thrombocytopathia Causes

A
  • Drugs - NSAIDS, heparin
  • Liver, renal, or pancreatic disease
  • Vascular disorder
  • Hyperadrenocorticism (cushings)
22
Q

Platelet Approximation

A
  1. Average # of PLTs per 10 fields
  2. Multiply by 15,000 or 20,000
  3. Record as whole number /uL
23
Q

Reticulated Platelets

A
  • Newly released platelets
  • High level of RNA
  • Need special stain
  • Indicates bone marrow responsiveness
24
Q

BMBT

A
  • Buccal Mucosa Bleeding Time
  • Primary test for detecting thrombopathia
  • Normal: 1-5 minutes
25
Q

BMBT Test Setup

A
  • Patient in lateral
  • Expose mucosa
  • Incision with lancet around premolars
  • Wick away blood with paper
  • Do every 5 seconds until bleeding stops
26
Q

Abnormal BMBT Causes

A
  • Thrombocytopenia - do PLT count first
  • PLT dysfunction test
  • Von Willebrand factor deficiencies -especially if normal PLT count
27
Q

Coagulation Cascade Testing

A
  • ACT
  • APTT
  • PT
  • FDP and D-dimer
28
Q

Activated Clotting Time

ACT

A

Evaluates for significant clotting factors
* intrinsic and common

29
Q

ACT Testing

A
  • Tube with diatomaceous earth or kaolin
  • Preheat tube to 37 C
  • 2 mL of blood
  • Timer starts when blood enters tube
  • Mix and place back into 37 C
  • Check after 60 seconds, then every 5 for clots
30
Q

ACT Normal

A
  • Dog: 60-100 seconds
  • Cat: 65-70 seconds
31
Q

Abnormal ACT Causes

A
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Abnormal intrinsic pathway
32
Q

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time

APTT

A
  • Evaluates intrinsic and common pathways
  • More sensitive than ACT
  • Run on machine
33
Q

APTT Testing

A
  • Citrated plasma tube
  • Centrifuge and remove plasma
  • Place in plastic tube and freeze
34
Q

Prolonged APTT Causes

A
  • Acquired and hereditary disorders
  • Heparin administration
35
Q

Prothrombin Time

PT

A
  • Evaluates extrinsic and common pathways
36
Q

PT Testing

A
  • Citrated plasma + thromboplastin reagent + another reagent
  • Centrifuge and remove plasma
  • Place in plastic tube and freeze
37
Q

PT Normal

A

7-10 Seconds

38
Q

Prolonged PT Causes

A
  • Severe liver disease
  • DIC
  • Hereditary or acquired deficiencies
  • Vitamin K deficiency
39
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency

A
  • PT time increased, followed by APTT and ACT
  • PIVKA test early
  • Treat with Vitamin K for several weeks
40
Q

PIVKA Test

A

Differentiate rodenticide toxicity from primary hemophilia when ACT is prolonged
* slightly more sensitive than PT

41
Q

PIVKA

Stands For

A
  • Proteins that are
  • Induced due to
  • Vitamin
  • K
  • Absence
42
Q

von Willebrand Disease

A
  • Most common inherited coagulation disorder in domestic animals
  • Deficient production of vWF - assists in PLT aggregation
  • See with dobermans
43
Q

D-Dimer and FDP Test

A
  • Evaluates tertiary hemostasis (fibrinolysis)
  • Identifies DIC
44
Q

FDP

A

Fibrin/Fibrinogen Degradation Products
* evaluates fibrinolysis
* Less sensitive than D-Dimer tests
* Created prior to fibrin clot formation

45
Q

D-Dimer

A
  • More sensitive than FDP tests
  • Only made when fibrin clot has formed
46
Q

Hemophilia A

A

Most common inherited coagulation factor disorder in dogs

47
Q

Liver and Coagulation

A

Liver is primary place for coagulation factor production

48
Q

DIC Test Results

A
  • Prolonged APTT, PT, and thrombocytopenia
  • Increased FDP and D-dimers

Blood (11 decks)

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