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AUBF > Urine Formation > Flashcards

Urine Formation Flashcards

1
Q

Its function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product

A

Urinary System

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2
Q

Remove waste and extra water from the blood and help keep chemicals balanced in the body

A

Kidney

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3
Q

a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

A

Ureter

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4
Q

a sac that serves as a reservoir for urine

A

Urinary Bladder

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5
Q

the tube that lets urine leave your bladder and your body

A

Urethra

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6
Q

is actually a fluid biopsy of the kidney

A

Urine

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7
Q

Basic structural & functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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8
Q

_____ nephrons PER kidney

A

1-1.5 M

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9
Q

are situated primarily in the cortex of the
kidney; approximately 85% of nephrons

A

Cortical Nephrons

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10
Q

Cortical nephrons are approximately how many percent of nephrons

A

85%

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11
Q

Their primary function is concentration of the urine

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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12
Q

are responsible primarily for removal of waste products and reabsorption of nutrients

A

Cortical Nephrons

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13
Q

have longer loops of Henle that extend
deep into the medulla of the kidney

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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14
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops of ____ that extend
deep into the medulla of the kidney

A

loops of Henle

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15
Q

ORDER OF URINE FORMATION (7)

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
  5. Collecting Duct
  6. Calyx
  7. Renal Pelvis
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16
Q

major site of reabsorption

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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17
Q

selective reabsorption

A

Loop of Henle

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18
Q

Ascending = salt
Descending = ?

A

water

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19
Q

Ascending = ?
Descending = water

A

salt

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20
Q

DCT ?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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21
Q

Renal Function (4)

A
  1. Renal Blood Flow
  2. Glomerular Filtration
  3. Tubular Reabsorption
  4. Tubular Secretion
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22
Q

The human kidneys receive approximately _____ of the blood pumped through the heart at all times.

A

25%

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23
Q

Renal Blood Flow Order (7)

A
  1. Renal Artery
  2. Afferent arteriole
  3. Glomerulus
  4. Efferent arteriole
  5. Peritubular capillaries
  6. Vasa recta
  7. Renal vein
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24
Q

Total Renal Blood Flow

A

1,200 mL/min

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25
Q

Total Renal Plasma Flow

A

600-700 mL/min

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26
Q

capillaries that surrounds nephron

A

Peritubular Capillaries

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27
Q

surround the Loop of Henle

A

Vasa recta

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28
Q

The “working portion” of the kidney

A

Glomerulus

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29
Q

a coil of approximately eight capillary lobes, located within the Bowman’s capsule

A

Glomerulus

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30
Q

Glomerulus - a nonselective filter of plasma substances with molecular weight of ____

A

<70,000 Daltons

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31
Q

Capillary endothelium with its large open pores

A

Glomerular Filtration Barrier

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32
Q

Glomerular Filtration Barrier - Trilayer basement membrane ?

A

lamina rara interna,
lamina densa,
lamina rara externa

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33
Q

Filtration diaphragm found between the podocytes of Bowman’s space

A

Glomerular Filtration Barrier

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34
Q

what are the specimen called after going through Glomerular Filtration

A

Glomerular Filtrate

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35
Q

Glomerular Filtration filtrates what? (5)

A

Salt
Water
Amino Acid
Glucose
Urea

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36
Q

albumin is not in the urine because ?

A

it is negatively charged

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37
Q

molecular weight of Albumin

A

69,000 Da

38
Q

SG of potassium

A

1.010

39
Q

1st function to be affected in renal disease

A

Tubular Reabsorption

40
Q

is the plasma concentration at which active transport stops

A

Renal threshold

41
Q

how many % maximal reabsorptive capacity

A

65%

42
Q

RENAL THRESHOLD FOR GLUCOSE =

A

160-180 mg/dL

43
Q

Too much sodium; hypernatremia : lack sodium; _____

A

hyponatremia

44
Q

if substance is too much it is excreted in the urine but when substance is low it is ____ in the ___

A

reabsorbed in the blood

45
Q

is the movement of a substance across cell membranes into the blood stream by electrochemical energy

A

Active transport

46
Q

is the movement of the molecules across a membrane by diffusion because of a physical gradient

A

Passive transport

47
Q

Glucose appearing in the urine of a
person with a normal blood glucose
level is the result of _____ and not diabetes mellitus

A

tubular damage

48
Q

If it were not for the ______ , all routine urine would have
positive readings on reagent strips for protein and albumin.

A

shield of negativity

49
Q

-involves the passage of substances from the blood in the peritubular
capillaries to the tubular filtrate

A

Tubular Secretion

50
Q

2 Major functions of Tubular Secretions

A
  1. regulation of the acid-base balance in the body through secretion of hydrogen ions
  2. elimination of waste products not filtered by the glomerulus
51
Q

Tubular Secretion regulates the acid-base balance in the body through secretion of ___

A

hydrogen ions

52
Q

major site for removal of nonfiltered substances

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

53
Q

failure to produce an acid urine due to inability to secrete hydrogen ions

A

Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)

54
Q

what is the urine called when hydrogen ion isn’t filtered

A

alkaline urine

55
Q

hormone that decreases when caffeine intake increases

A

ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE

56
Q

ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE is also called

A

VASOPRESSIN

57
Q

ADH regulates ___ in the DCT and CD

A

water reabsorption

58
Q

regulates water reabsorption in the DCT and CD

A

ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

59
Q

Increased Body Hydration= ___ ADH= Increased Urine Volume

A

Decreased

60
Q

Decreased Body Hydration= Increase ADH= _____ Urine Volume

A

Decreased

61
Q

ADH deficiency

A

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

62
Q

ADH excess

A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

63
Q

ADH deficiency = _____ ;
ADH excess = oliguria

A

polyuria

64
Q

Regulates salt-reabsorption in the DCT

A

Aldosterone

65
Q
  • regulates the flow of blood to and within the glomerulus
A

Renin-Angiotensin -Aldosterone System(RAAS)

66
Q
  • responds to changes in blood pressure and plasma sodiumcontentthatare monitored by the juxtaglomerular apparatus
A

Renin-Angiotensin -Aldosterone System(RAAS)

67
Q

blood pressure and plasma sodium content are monitored by the

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

68
Q

what is the end goal of RAAS

A

Increase BP and Increase BV

69
Q

Action of RAAS: (4)

A

1.Dilates the afferent arteriole & constricts the efferent arteriole
2.Stimulates sodium reabsorption in the PCT
3.Triggers the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone to cause sodium reabsorption & potassium excretion in the DCT and CD
4.Triggers release of anti-diuretic hormone by the hypothalamus to stimulate water reabsorption in the CD

70
Q

used to evaluate glomerular filtration

A

Clearance test

71
Q

measure the rate at which the kidneys are able to remove a filterable substance from the blood

A

Clearance Test

72
Q

Clearance Test- ____ = obsolete

A

Urea

73
Q

Most Common Clearance Test

A

Creatinine

74
Q

Clearance Test - ____ = Gold Standard/ Reference Method

A

Inulin

75
Q

Clearance Test - ______ = better marker of renal tubular function than of GFR

A

Beta2-microglobulin

76
Q

Types of Clearance Test

A

1.Urea
2.Creatinine
3.Inulin
4.Beta2-microglobulin
5.Radioisotopes
6.Cystatin C

77
Q

Creatinine reference range for Male

A

107-139 mL/min

78
Q

Creatinine reference range for Female

A

87-107 mL/min

79
Q

is a measure of the completeness of a 24-hour urine collection

A

Creatinine clearance

80
Q

By far the greatest source of error in any clearance procedure utilizing urine is the use of

A

improperly timed urine specimens

81
Q

Around how many % of creatinine is secreted by the renal tubules

A

7-10%

82
Q

used to evaluate tubular reabsorption

A

Concentration Test

83
Q

Concentration Tests under OBSOLETE TESTS

A

Fishberg Test
Mosenthal Test

84
Q

Concentration Tests under RECENTLY USEDTESTS

A

Specific Gravity
Osmolality

85
Q

More preferred than S.G. determination

A

Osmolality

86
Q

Concentration test Influenced by the number &density of particles in a solution

A

Specific Gravity

87
Q

Concentration Test where Patient is deprived of fluid for up to 24
hours

A

Fishberg Test

88
Q

Concentration Test where Patient maintains normal diet and fluid
intake, Compare day & night urine in terms of volume & S.G.

A

Mosenthal Test

89
Q

Tests for Tubular Secretion and Renal Blood Flow (3)

A
  1. p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) test
    2.Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test
    3.Other measurements used (urine pH, titratable acidity, urinary ammonia)
90
Q

Tests for Tubular Secretion and Renal Blood Flow. most commonly used; reference method

A

p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) test

91
Q

Tests for Tubular Secretion and Renal Blood Flow. obsolete; results are hard to interpret

A

Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test

AUBF (8 decks)

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