Urine Formation Flashcards
1
Q
Its function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product
A
Urinary System
2
Q
Remove waste and extra water from the blood and help keep chemicals balanced in the body
A
Kidney
3
Q
a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
A
Ureter
4
Q
a sac that serves as a reservoir for urine
A
Urinary Bladder
5
Q
the tube that lets urine leave your bladder and your body
A
Urethra
6
Q
is actually a fluid biopsy of the kidney
A
Urine
7
Q
Basic structural & functional unit of the kidney
A
Nephron
8
Q
_____ nephrons PER kidney
A
1-1.5 M
9
Q
are situated primarily in the cortex of the
kidney; approximately 85% of nephrons
A
Cortical Nephrons
10
Q
Cortical nephrons are approximately how many percent of nephrons
A
85%
11
Q
Their primary function is concentration of the urine
A
Juxtamedullary nephrons
12
Q
are responsible primarily for removal of waste products and reabsorption of nutrients
A
Cortical Nephrons
13
Q
have longer loops of Henle that extend
deep into the medulla of the kidney
A
Juxtamedullary nephrons
14
Q
Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops of ____ that extend
deep into the medulla of the kidney
A
loops of Henle
15
Q
ORDER OF URINE FORMATION (7)
A
- Glomerulus
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
- Loop of Henle
- Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
- Collecting Duct
- Calyx
- Renal Pelvis
16
Q
major site of reabsorption
A
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
17
Q
selective reabsorption
A
Loop of Henle
18
Q
Ascending = salt
Descending = ?
A
water
19
Q
Ascending = ?
Descending = water
A
salt
20
Q
DCT ?
A
Distal Convoluted Tubule
21
Q
Renal Function (4)
A
- Renal Blood Flow
- Glomerular Filtration
- Tubular Reabsorption
- Tubular Secretion
22
Q
The human kidneys receive approximately _____ of the blood pumped through the heart at all times.
A
25%
23
Q
Renal Blood Flow Order (7)
A
- Renal Artery
- Afferent arteriole
- Glomerulus
- Efferent arteriole
- Peritubular capillaries
- Vasa recta
- Renal vein
24
Q
Total Renal Blood Flow
A
1,200 mL/min
25
Total Renal Plasma Flow
600-700 mL/min
26
capillaries that surrounds nephron
Peritubular Capillaries
27
surround the Loop of Henle
Vasa recta
28
The “working portion” of the kidney
Glomerulus
29
a coil of approximately eight capillary lobes, located within the Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus
30
Glomerulus - a nonselective filter of plasma substances with molecular weight of ____
<70,000 Daltons
31
Capillary endothelium with its large open pores
Glomerular Filtration Barrier
32
Glomerular Filtration Barrier - Trilayer basement membrane ?
lamina rara interna,
lamina densa,
lamina rara externa
33
Filtration diaphragm found between the podocytes of Bowman’s space
Glomerular Filtration Barrier
34
what are the specimen called after going through Glomerular Filtration
Glomerular Filtrate
35
Glomerular Filtration filtrates what? (5)
Salt
Water
Amino Acid
Glucose
Urea
36
albumin is not in the urine because ?
it is negatively charged
37
molecular weight of Albumin
69,000 Da
38
SG of potassium
1.010
39
1st function to be affected in renal disease
Tubular Reabsorption
40
is the plasma concentration at which active transport stops
Renal threshold
41
how many % maximal reabsorptive capacity
65%
42
RENAL THRESHOLD FOR GLUCOSE =
160-180 mg/dL
43
Too much sodium; hypernatremia : lack sodium; _____
hyponatremia
44
if substance is too much it is excreted in the urine but when substance is low it is ____ in the ___
reabsorbed in the blood
45
is the movement of a substance across cell membranes into the blood stream by electrochemical energy
Active transport
46
is the movement of the molecules across a membrane by diffusion because of a physical gradient
Passive transport
47
Glucose appearing in the urine of a
person with a normal blood glucose
level is the result of _____ and not diabetes mellitus
tubular damage
48
If it were not for the ______ , all routine urine would have
positive readings on reagent strips for protein and albumin.
shield of negativity
49
-involves the passage of substances from the blood in the peritubular
capillaries to the tubular filtrate
Tubular Secretion
50
2 Major functions of Tubular Secretions
1. regulation of the acid-base balance in the body through secretion of hydrogen ions
2. elimination of waste products not filtered by the glomerulus
51
Tubular Secretion regulates the acid-base balance in the body through secretion of ___
hydrogen ions
52
major site for removal of nonfiltered substances
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
53
failure to produce an acid urine due to inability to secrete hydrogen ions
Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)
54
what is the urine called when hydrogen ion isn't filtered
alkaline urine
55
hormone that decreases when caffeine intake increases
ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE
56
ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE is also called
VASOPRESSIN
57
ADH regulates ___ in the DCT and CD
water reabsorption
58
regulates water reabsorption in the DCT and CD
ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
59
Increased Body Hydration= ___ ADH= Increased Urine Volume
Decreased
60
Decreased Body Hydration= Increase ADH= _____ Urine Volume
Decreased
61
ADH deficiency
Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
62
ADH excess
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
63
ADH deficiency = _____ ;
ADH excess = oliguria
polyuria
64
Regulates salt-reabsorption in the DCT
Aldosterone
65
- regulates the flow of blood to and within the glomerulus
Renin-Angiotensin -Aldosterone System(RAAS)
66
- responds to changes in blood pressure and plasma sodiumcontentthatare monitored by the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Renin-Angiotensin -Aldosterone System(RAAS)
67
blood pressure and plasma sodium content are monitored by the
juxtaglomerular apparatus
68
what is the end goal of RAAS
Increase BP and Increase BV
69
Action of RAAS: (4)
1.Dilates the afferent arteriole & constricts the efferent arteriole
2.Stimulates sodium reabsorption in the PCT
3.Triggers the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone to cause sodium reabsorption & potassium excretion in the DCT and CD
4.Triggers release of anti-diuretic hormone by the hypothalamus to stimulate water reabsorption in the CD
70
used to evaluate glomerular filtration
Clearance test
71
measure the rate at which the kidneys are able to remove a filterable substance from the blood
Clearance Test
72
Clearance Test- ____ = obsolete
Urea
73
Most Common Clearance Test
Creatinine
74
Clearance Test - ____ = Gold Standard/ Reference Method
Inulin
75
Clearance Test - ______ = better marker of renal tubular function than of GFR
Beta2-microglobulin
76
Types of Clearance Test
1.Urea
2.Creatinine
3.Inulin
4.Beta2-microglobulin
5.Radioisotopes
6.Cystatin C
77
Creatinine reference range for Male
107-139 mL/min
78
Creatinine reference range for Female
87-107 mL/min
79
is a measure of the completeness of a 24-hour urine collection
Creatinine clearance
80
By far the greatest source of error in any clearance procedure utilizing urine is the use of
improperly timed urine specimens
81
Around how many % of creatinine is secreted by the renal tubules
7-10%
82
used to evaluate tubular reabsorption
Concentration Test
83
Concentration Tests under OBSOLETE TESTS
Fishberg Test
Mosenthal Test
84
Concentration Tests under RECENTLY USEDTESTS
Specific Gravity
Osmolality
85
More preferred than S.G. determination
Osmolality
86
Concentration test Influenced by the number &density of particles in a solution
Specific Gravity
87
Concentration Test where Patient is deprived of fluid for up to 24
hours
Fishberg Test
88
Concentration Test where Patient maintains normal diet and fluid
intake, Compare day & night urine in terms of volume & S.G.
Mosenthal Test
89
Tests for Tubular Secretion and Renal Blood Flow (3)
1. p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) test
2.Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test
3.Other measurements used (urine pH, titratable acidity, urinary ammonia)
90
Tests for Tubular Secretion and Renal Blood Flow. most commonly used; reference method
p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) test
91
Tests for Tubular Secretion and Renal Blood Flow. obsolete; results are hard to interpret
Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test
