Physical Examination of Urine Flashcards
1
Q
Urine Volume: Normal Range (24hrs)
A
600-2,000 mL
2
Q
Urine Volume: Average (24hrs)
A
1,200-1,500 mL
3
Q
Urine Volume: Night urine output
A
<400 mL
4
Q
Urine Volume: Day : Night Ratio
A
2-3:1
5
Q
Urine Volume: Container Capacity
A
50 mL
6
Q
Urine Volume: Required for routine UA (Average= ?)
A
10-15mL (Average:12 mL)
7
Q
increased urine volume
->2,000 mL/24 hrs (in adults)
-2.5-3.0 mL/kg/day (children)
A
Polyuria
8
Q
Polyuria in adults
A
->2,000 mL/24 hrs
9
Q
Polyuria on children
A
2.5-3.0 mL/kg/day
10
Q
causes of polyuria
A
-increased fluid intake
-diuretics, nervousness
11
Q
Diabetes mellitus = ↑ glucose and ↑ ___
A
Specific Gravity
12
Q
Diabetes Insipidus = ↑ water and ↓ ___
A
SG
13
Q
decreased urine volume
A
Oliguria
14
Q
Oliguria causes
A
-dehydration
-renal diseases
-renal calculi or tumor
15
Q
Oliguria in adults
A
<400 mL/day
16
Q
Oliguria in infants
A
<1 mL/kg/hr
17
Q
Oliguria in children
A
<0.5 mL/kg/hr
18
Q
A
19
Q
complete cessation of urine
flow
A
Anuria
20
Q
Anuria = ___ mL/24 hrs
A
<100 mL/24 hrs
21
Q
Anuria Causes
A
-complete obstruction(stones, tumors)
-toxic agents
-decreased renal blood flow
22
Q
-excretion of >500 mL of urine
at night
A
Nocturia
23
Q
Nocturia causes
A
- pregnancy
-renal diseases, bladderstones
-prostate enlargement
24
Q
any increase in urine excretion
A
Diuresis
25
causes of Diuresis
-excessive water intake(polydipsia)
-diuretic therapy, hormonal imbalance
-renal dysfunction, drug ingestion
26
rough indicator of the degree of hydration
should correlate with urine S.G.
Urine color
27
high fluid intake, color?
pale yellow urine
28
low fluid intake, color?
dark yellow urine
29
Urine pigments
Urochrome
Uroerythrin
Urobilin
30
Major urine pigment (yellow)
Urochrome
31
Urine pigment, pink/red
Uroerythrin
32
Urine pigment, dark yellow/orange brown
Urobilin
33
Cause: Recent fluid consumption
Color: ?
Colorless
34
Cause: Polyuria, Dilute random specimen
Color: ?
Pale Yellow
35
Cause: Normal
Color: ?
Yellow
36
Cause: Concentrated specimen, First morning specimen, Excessive urobilin, bilirubin, carotene
Color: ?
Dark yellow/amber
37
Cause: Bilirubin (yellow foam) = ______
Color: Orange/Orange-yellow
tea-colored urine
38
Cause: ____ : orange and viscous with yellow foam
Color: Orange/Orange-yellow
Phenazopyridine
39
Cause: _____ (no yellow foam)
Color: Orange/Orange-yellow
Urobilin
40
Cause: Biliverdin
Color: ?
Yellow-green
41
Cause: Pseudomonas infection, asparagus, B vitamins, ______
Color: Green
phenol
42
Cause: Chloryphyll Clorets, Phenol, Indican, ______ (Familial hypercalcemia, Hartnup disease)
Color: Blue-green
Blue diaper syndrome
43
Cause: RBCs = ____/____
Color: Pink/Red
Red= cloudy/smokey red
44
Cause: Hemoglobin = ____
Color: Pink/Red
Clear red
45
Cause: Myoglobin = ___
Color: Pink/Red
Clear Red/Red Brown/Colo Colored
46
Cause: Porphyrin
Color: ____
Burgundy/Purplish-red, Portwine
47
Cause: Indican (______ or ____ infection)
Color: Purple
Klebsiella or Providencia infection
48
Cause: Metheglobin (acidic urine), Homogentisic acid (alkaline urine): Alkapotuniria, Melanin, Cola-colored= fava beans, rhubarb, or aloe
Color: _____
Brown/Black
49
Cause: ___
Color: Milky white
Pyuria/leukocyturia
50
is a general term that refers to the transparency or turbidity of a urine specimen
Clarity
51
How to determine urine clarity?
1. Mix the specimen thoroughly
2. Examine the specimen in front of a light source
3. View through a newspaper print
52
Clarity: ____
Equivalent term: No visible particulates; transparent
Clear
53
Clarity: ____
Equivalent term: Few particulates, print easily seen through urine
Hazy
54
Clarity: ____
Equivalent term: Many particulates, rpint blurred through urine
Cloudy
55
Clarity: ____
Equivalent term: Print cannot be seen through urine
Turbid
56
Clarity: ____
Equivalent term: May precipitate or be clotted
Milky
57
Causes of Urine Turbidity
Non-Pathologic
Pathologic
58
Causes of Urine Turbidity: Squamous epithelial cells, Amorphous urates, Amorphous phosphates and Carbonates
Non-Pathologic
59
Causes of Urine Turbidity: Vaginal cream, semen, fecal contamination, radiographic contrast media, talcum powder
Non-Pathologic
60
Causes of Urine Turbidity: RBCs, WBCs, Bacteria, Yeasts
Pathologic
61
Causes of Urine Turbidity: Non squamous epithelial cells, abnormal crystals, lymph fluid (chyluria), lipids
Pathologic
62
Urine Odor: ___
Cause: Normal
Aromatic, Fragrant (Faint)
63
Urine Odor: ___
Cause: Acute Tubular Necrosis (acute renal failure)
Odorless
64
Urine Odor: ___
Cause: UTI, old urine
Foul, Pungent
65
Urine Odor: ___
Cause: Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)
Caramelized sugar, Curry, Maple syrup
66
Urine Odor: ___
Cause: Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Mousy, Musty, Barny
67
Urine Odor: Rancid Butter
Cause: ______
Tyrosinemia
68
Urine Odor: ____
Cause: Isovaleric acidemia, Glutaric acidemia
Sweaty feet, Acrid
69
Urine Odor: ___
Cause: Phenol-containing medications
Menthol-like
70
Urine Odor: ___
Cause: Specimen adulteration or Container contamination
Bleach
71
Urine Odor: ___
Cause: Methionine Malabsorption (Oasthouse disease)
Cabbage, Hops
72
Urine Odor: ___
Cause: Specimen adulteration or Container contamination
Sulfur
73
Urine Odor: ___
Cause: Trimethylaminuria
Rotting fish
74
Urine Odor: ___
Cause: Ingestion of onions, garlic, and asparagus, UTI
Pungent, Fetid
75
Urine Odor: ___
Cause: Hawkinsinuria
Swimming pool
76
Urine Odor: ___
Cause: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria
Cat urine
77
Urine Odor: ___
Cause: Multiple carboxylase deficiency
Tomcat urine
