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Introduction to Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

_____, _____ and the ancient Egyptians inferred diagnoses from urine evaluation, but it was not until the Middle Ages that uroscopy reached
diagnostic dominance

A

Hippocrates, Aristotle

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2
Q

it was not until the ____ that uroscopy reached
diagnostic dominance

A

Middle Ages

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3
Q

it was not until the Middle Ages that uroscopy reached diagnostic dominance. A major reason for its rise to prominence was the
publication of ______ in 1491

A

Johannes de Ketham’s Fasciculus Medicinae

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4
Q

first illustrated medical book printed

A

Johannes de Ketham’s Fasciculus Medicinae

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5
Q

Disease was thought to result from the imbalance of the 4 humours:

A

1.Sanguineous (blood)
2.Choleric (yellow bile)
3.Phlegmatic (phlegm)
4.Melancholic (black bile)

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6
Q

Contribution: 1st documented the importance of sputum examination; Uroscopy
Scientists: ____

A

Hippocrates

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7
Q

Contribution: Albuminuria by boiling urine
Scientists: ____

A

Frederik Dekkers

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8
Q

Contribution: Wrote a book about “pisse prophets”
Scientists: ____

A

Thomas Bryant

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9
Q

Contribution: Examination of urine sediment
Scientists: ____

A

Thomas Addis

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10
Q

Contribution: Introduced urinalysis as part of doctor’s routine patient examination
Scientists: ____

A

Richard Bright

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11
Q

Contribution: Urochrome
Scientists: ____

A

Ludwig Thudichum

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12
Q

Contribution: Cerebrospinal fluid
Scientists: ____

A

Domenico Cotugno

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13
Q

Contribution: Phenylketonuria
Scientists: ____

A

Ivar Følling

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14
Q

Contribution: Alkaptonuria
Scientists: ____

A

Archibald Garrod

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15
Q

Contribution: Orthostatic or cyclic proteinuria
Scientists: ____

A

Frederick William Pavy

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16
Q

Contribution: Cystine calculi
Scientists: ____

A

William Wollaston

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17
Q

Contribution: Benedict’s reagent
Scientists: ____

A

Stanley Benedict

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18
Q

Babylonians and Egyptians used to detect diabetes using the “______”

A

taste test

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19
Q

Hindu physicians noticed that “____” attracted ants

A

honey urine

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20
Q

Urine Composition. ____ water; ____ solute

A

95-97% water; 3-5% solute

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21
Q

Urea: major _______ substance

A

organic

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22
Q

Chloride: major _________ substance

A

inorganic

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23
Q

Urine Composition. Total solids:

A

UREA: MAJOR ORGANIC SUBSTANCE
CHLORIDE: MAJOR INORGANIC SUBSTANCE
NaCl: PRINCIPAL SALT

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24
Q

Container = clean, dry, leak-proof containers, with a wide base and an opening of at least ____

A

4cm

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25
Container should be made of a _____ to allow for determination of color and clarity
clear material
26
Container = recommended capacity of the container is 50mL, which allows ______ of specimen needed for microscopic
12mL
27
must be attached to the container, not to the lid, and should not become detached if the container is refrigerated or frozen
Label
28
must accompany specimens delivered to the laboratory, the information on the form must match the information on the specimen label
Requisition form
29
Types of Urine Specimen: Routine screening, Can be collected any time
Random/Occasional/ Single
30
Random/Occasional/ Single, Ideal for cytology studies (ONLY if with prior ___________ & _____________ 5 mins before collection
hydration & exercise
31
Types of Urine Specimen: Ideal for routine urinalysis, Essential for preventing false-negative pregnancy tests, Most acidic and most concentrated, For evaluating orthostatic proteinuria
First Morning
32
Types of Urine Specimen: 2nd voided urine after a period of fasting, For glucose determination
Second Morning/Fasting
33
Types of Urine Specimen: For diabetic screening and monitoring, Preferred for testing glucose
2-hour post- prandial
34
Types of Urine Specimen: Optional with blood samples in glucose tolerance
Glucose tolerance
35
Types of Urine Specimen: At least 2 voided collection, Used in diagnosis of diabetes
Fractional specimen
36
Types of Urine Specimen: For routine screening and bacterial culture
Midstream clean- catch
37
Types of Urine Specimen: For bacterial culture, May be urethral or ureteral
Catheterized
38
Types of Urine Specimen: Bladder urine for anaerobic bacterial culture and urine cytology
Suprapubic aspiration
39
Types of Urine Specimen: Use soft, clear plastic bag with adhesive, Urine collected from diaper is NOT recommended
Pediatric specimen
40
Types of Urine Specimen: For prostatic infection
Three-glass technique
41
Types of Urine Specimen: For prostatic infection 1. First portion of voided urine 2. Middle portion of voidedurine 3. Urine after prostatic massage
Three-glass technique
42
Stamey-Mears Test for Prostatitis (Four-glass collection) VB1: ? VB2: ? EPS: ? VB3: ?
VB1: initial voided urine VB2: midstream urine EPS: expressed prostatic secretions VB3: prostatic massage urine specimen
43
Timed specimen. Quantitative testing
a) 24-hour b)12-hour c) 4-hour (first morning) d) Afternoon (2-4 pm)
44
Quantitative testing. requires preservative
24-hour
45
Quantitative testing for Addis count
12-hour
46
Quantitative testing for nitrite det.
4-hour (first morning)
47
Quantitative testing for urobilinogen det
Afternoon (2-4 pm)
48
Process providing documentation of proper sample ID from the time of collection to the receipt of laboratory results
Chain of Custody
49
Required urine volume
30-45 mL
50
Container capacity
60 mL
51
Temperature (checked within 4 mins)
32.5-35.7
52
Added to toilet water reservoir to prevent specimen adulteration
Bluing Agent
53
54
After collection, specimens should be delivered to the laboratory promptly and tested within _____
2 hours
55
A specimen that cannot be delivered and tested within 2 hours should be _____ or have an appropriate chemical preservative added.
refrigerated
56
Changes in Unpreserved Urine. Increased:
pH Bacteria Odor Nitrite
57
Changes in Unpreserved Urine. Darkened/Modified:
Color
58
Changes in Unpreserved Urine. Decreased:
Clarity Glucose Ketones Bilirubin Urobilinogen RBC/WBC/Casts Trichomonas
59
a preservative that best suits the needs of the required analysis should be chosen
Urine preservatives
60
Urine preservative: Preserves glucose and sediments well
Thymol
61
Urine preservative: Does not interfere with chemical tests
Refrigeration
62
Urine preservative: Preserves protein and formed elements
Boric acid
63
Urine preservative: excellent sediment preservative
Formalin (Formaldehyde)
64
Urine preservative: Does not interfere with routine tests, Best all-around preservative
Toluene (Toluol)
65
Urine preservative: Prevents glycolysis, good preservative for drug analysis
Sodium fluoride
66
Urine preservative: Does not interfere w/ routine tests, causes an odor change
Phenol
67
Urine preservative: Convenient when refrigeration not possible
Commercial preservatives tablets
68
Urine preservative: Contains collection cup, C & S preservative tube or UA tube
Urine collection kits
69
Urine preservative: Sample stable at room temp for 48 hours, preserves bacteria, preservative is boric acid
GRAY A & S TUBE
70
Urine preservative: Use on automated instruments, Round or conical bottom
Yellow plain UA tube
71
Urine preservative: stable for 72hrs at room temp, preservative is sodium propionate
Cherry red/Yellow top tube
72
Urine preservative: used for cytology studies (50mL urine), preserves cellular elements
Saccomanno fixative

AUBF (8 decks)

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