Chemical Examination of Urine Flashcards
1
Q
Parameter with 30s time
A
Glucose
Bilirubin
2
Q
Principle: Double sequential enzyme
reaction
A
Glucose
3
Q
Principle: Diazo reaction
A
Bilirubin
4
Q
Glucose Positive color
A
Green to brown
5
Q
Bilirubin Positive color
A
Tan pink to violet
6
Q
Parameter with 40s time
A
Ketones
7
Q
Principle: Sodium nitroprusside reaction
A
Ketones
8
Q
Ketones Positive color
A
Purple
9
Q
Parameter with 45s time
A
S.G
10
Q
Principle: pKa change of a polyelectrolyte
A
S.G
11
Q
S.G Positive color
A
Blue (1.000) to
yellow (1.030)
12
Q
Parameter with 60s time
A
Protein
pH
Blood
Urobilinogen
Nitrite
13
Q
Principle: Protein error of indicators
A
Protein
14
Q
Principle: Double indicator system
A
pH
15
Q
Principle: Pseudoperoxidase activity of
hemoglobin
A
Blood
16
Q
Principle: Ehrlich reaction
A
Urobilinogen
17
Q
Principle: Greiss reaction
A
Nitrite
18
Q
Parameter with 120s time
A
Leukocytes
19
Q
Principle: Leukocyte esterase
A
Leukocytes
20
Q
Protein Positive color
A
Blue-green
21
Q
pH Positive color
A
Orange (pH 5.0) to
blue (pH 9.0)
22
Q
Blood Positive color
A
Uniform green/blue
(Hgb/Mb)
Speckled/spotted
(intact RBCs)
23
Q
Urobilinogen Positive color
A
Red
24
Q
Nitrite Positive color
A
Uniform pink
25
Leukocytes Positive color
Purple
26
Care of reagent strips. Store below __ ; do not freeze.
30°C
27
Care of reagent strips. Store with desiccant in an _______
container
opaque, tightly closed
28
AUTOMATED REAGENT STRIP. Principle: ___
Reflectance Photometry
29
Important in the identification of crystals and determination of
unsatisfactory specimens.
pH
30
Normal urine pH. Random=
4.5-8.0
31
Normal urine pH. 1st morning=
5.0-6.0
32
When pH is ≥9.0=
Unpreserved urine
33
Normal urine pH. Reagent:
Methyl red, Bromthymol blue
34
_____ tide occurs after meals due to withdrawal of H+ ions for the purpose of secretion of HC
Alkaline tide
35
Cranberry juice contains ____ that causes urinary excretion of hippuric acid (antibacterial)
quinic acid
36
A measure of the amount of dissolved substances in a solution. Influenced by number and size of particles in a solution.
Specific Gravity
37
Room temp
22-25°C
38
Ref. temp
2-8°C
39
Acidic urine is caused by
Diabetes Mellitus
Starvation
Cranberry Juice
Amino Acid
40
Diabetes mellitus. Type __: No insulin
Type 1
41
Diabetes mellitus. Type __: Body not responding to insulin
Type 2
42
Alkaline urine is caused by
Renal Tubular Acidosis
Old specimen
Vegetable diet (low PRAL)
Vomiting
Hyperventilation
After meal
43
PRAL means
Potential Renal Acid Load
44
Specific Gravity. Random urine=
1.003 - 1.035
45
Specific Gravity. 1st morning urine=
≥1.020
46
Specific Gravity. 24-hour urine=
>1.016-1.22
47
Specific Gravity. Reagents, clue word
Bromythol blue
48
used to measure specific gravity , obsolete
Urinometry
49
Urinometry. Calibration temp.
20°C
50
____for every 3°C that the specimen temp. is below the calibration temp.
-0.001
51
____for every 3°C that the specimen temp. is above the calibration temp
+0.001
52
Urinometry. 1 g/dL Glucose =
-0.004
53
Urinometry. 1 g/dL Protein =
-0.003
54
No need for temperature correction
Requires correction for glucose and protein
Refractometry (Refractometer, Rf / TS meter
55
Refractometry. Indirect method based on ___
refractive index (RI)
56
Specimens with very high specific gravity reading can be diluted and retested To obtain actual specific gravity, multiply the decimal portion of S.G. by the dilution factor
Specific Gravity Dilution
57
Most indicative of renal disease
Protein
58
Protein. Produces ___ in urine when shaken
white foam
59
Normal urinary protein=
<150 mg/day
60
Mild / minimal proteinuria=
<1g/day
61
Moderate proteinuria=
1-3 or 4 g/day
62
Large / heavy proteinuria=
>3-4 g/day
63
Protein. Reagent. key word
phenol
64
Categories of Proteinuria
Pre Renal
Renal
Post Renal
65
aka 'overflow proteinuria', caused by conditions affecting the plasma prior to reaching the kidney
PRE RENAL
66
protein that cant be detected on radiant strip
Bence-Jones Protein
67
- increased levels of serum protein is the excretion of Bence-Jones protein by people with multiple ____
myeloma
68
urine precipitates at _______ (cloudy) & dissolves at _______ (clear)
40-60°C (cloudy), 100°C (clear)
69
“true renal disease”
RENAL
70
Causes of Glomerular Proteinuria
Diabetic Nephropathy
Orthostatic Proteinuria
Other causes( Nephrotic Syndrome, Toxic agents, Dehydration, Strenous exercise, Hypertension, Amyloidosis, Pre-eclampsia)
71
Pre-eclampsia is high ___
high blood pressure
72
decreased glomerular filtration- Indicator: Microalbuminuria
Diabetic Nephropathy
73
Diabetic Nephropathy. Indicator:
Microalbuminuria
74
Cadet/Postural/Cyclic Proteinuria- proteinuria when standing due to increased pressure to renal veins
Orthostatic Proteinuria
75
Orthostatic Proteinuria. 1st morning (result)
negative
76
Clinical Proteinuria. 1st morning (result)
Positive
77
Orthostatic Proteinuria. 2 hours after standing (result)
Positive
78
Clinical Proteinuria. 2 hours after standing (result)
Positive
79
Other causes of Glomerular Proteinuria.
Nephrotic Syndrome, Toxic agents, Dehydration, Strenous exercise, Hypertension, Amyloidosis, Pre-eclampsia
80
Tubular Proteinuria causes
Fanconi’s Syndrome, Toxic agents/Heavy metals, Viral infections
81
test for microalbuminuria (60 seconds)
Micral Test
82
Micral Test. Principle
Enzyme immunoassay
83
"after”
- Lower UTI/inflammation, Menstrual contamination, Injury/trauma,Vaginal secretions, Prostatic fluid/spermatozoa
POST RENAL
84
SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST a.k.a. _____
Exton’s Test
85
A cold precipitation test that reacts equally with all forms of protein
SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST
86
SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST. Reagent:
Exton’s reagent (3% SSA + sodium sulfate)
87
Most frequently tested in urine
Glucose
88
Glucose. Reagent. Clue word/Key word
Peroxidase
89
- a.k.a. Clinitest / Benedict’s Test
COPPER REDUCTION TEST
90
Nonspecific test for reducing sugars (Glucose, Galactose, Lactose, Fructose but NOT Sucrose)
COPPER REDUCTION TEST
91
COPPER REDUCTION TEST. Principle:
Copper reduction
92
COPPER REDUCTION TEST. caused by reducing agents
False-positive:
93
COPPER REDUCTION TEST. caused by oxidizing agents
False-negative
94
same action as test principle
False- positive
95
opposite of the test principle
False- negative
96
Result from increased fat metabolism due to inability to metabolize carbohydrates
Ketones
97
Ketones. Renal threshold:
70 mg/dL
98
Ketones. Reagent:
Chemstrip: a nitroprusside/ nitroferricyanide, Glycine
99
Ketones. Seen in:
Type 1 DM
Vomiting
Starvation
Malabsorption
100
major ketone but not detected in routine reagent strip
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
101
=parent ketone(1stketone body formed)
Acetoacetic acid (AAA) / Diacetic acid
102
Ketone bodies ?
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
Acetoacetic acid (AAA) / Diacetic acid
Acetone
103
Blood. Reagents. key word
benzidine
104
Cloudy red urine
Hematuria
105
-sensitive early indicator of renal
disease
-Microscopic: intact RBCs
Hematuria
106
Clear red urine
Hemoglobinuria
107
-seen in intravascular hemolysis
-Microscopic: No RBCs seen
Hemoglobinuria
108
Clear red (red-brown) urine
Myoglobinuria
109
seen in Rhabdomyolysis
Myoglobinuria
110
Early indication of liver disease
Tea-colored/Amber/Beer brown urine with yellow foam
Bilirubin
111
Bilirubin. Reagents. Key word
dichloro
112
Bilirubin. Clinical significance:
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Biliary obstruction
113
Bile pigment that resulted from hemoglobin degradation
Urobilinogen
114
Urobilinogen. Normal Value:
<1 mg/dL or Erhlich unit
115
Urobilinogen. Specimen and time
Afternoon urine (2-4 PM)
116
-Differentiate urobilinogen (UBG), porphobilinogen (PBG) and other Ehrlich-reactive compounds (ERC)
WATSON - SCHWARTZ TEST
117
WATSON - SCHWARTZ TEST. -Uses extraction with organic solvents:
Chloroform & Butanol
118
rapid screening test for porphobilinogen; (+)Red
HOESCH TEST (Inverse Ehrlich Reaction)
119
Rapid screening test of UTI or bacteriuria
Nitrite
120
Nitrite. Specimen: ____ collection or first morning urine (preferred)
4 hour
121
Nitrite. Reagents. Key word
quinolin
122
Screening of urine culture specimens
Significant in UTI or inflammation
Leukocyte
123
Leukocyte. Reagents. key word
ester
124
Water-soluble vitamin
11th reagent pad
Ascorbic Acid
125
Ascorbic acid causes false positive on
Bilirubin
Blood
Leukocytes
Nitrate
Glucose
126
Ascorbic acid. Brand and Reading time
Cstix - 10s
Stix- 60s
