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AUBF > Chemical Examination of Urine > Flashcards

Chemical Examination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

Parameter with 30s time

A

Glucose
Bilirubin

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2
Q

Principle: Double sequential enzyme
reaction

A

Glucose

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3
Q

Principle: Diazo reaction

A

Bilirubin

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4
Q

Glucose Positive color

A

Green to brown

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5
Q

Bilirubin Positive color

A

Tan pink to violet

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6
Q

Parameter with 40s time

A

Ketones

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7
Q

Principle: Sodium nitroprusside reaction

A

Ketones

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8
Q

Ketones Positive color

A

Purple

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9
Q

Parameter with 45s time

A

S.G

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10
Q

Principle: pKa change of a polyelectrolyte

A

S.G

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11
Q

S.G Positive color

A

Blue (1.000) to
yellow (1.030)

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12
Q

Parameter with 60s time

A

Protein
pH
Blood
Urobilinogen
Nitrite

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13
Q

Principle: Protein error of indicators

A

Protein

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14
Q

Principle: Double indicator system

A

pH

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15
Q

Principle: Pseudoperoxidase activity of
hemoglobin

A

Blood

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16
Q

Principle: Ehrlich reaction

A

Urobilinogen

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17
Q

Principle: Greiss reaction

A

Nitrite

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18
Q

Parameter with 120s time

A

Leukocytes

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19
Q

Principle: Leukocyte esterase

A

Leukocytes

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20
Q

Protein Positive color

A

Blue-green

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21
Q

pH Positive color

A

Orange (pH 5.0) to
blue (pH 9.0)

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22
Q

Blood Positive color

A

Uniform green/blue
(Hgb/Mb)
Speckled/spotted
(intact RBCs)

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23
Q

Urobilinogen Positive color

A

Red

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24
Q

Nitrite Positive color

A

Uniform pink

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25
Q

Leukocytes Positive color

A

Purple

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26
Q

Care of reagent strips. Store below __ ; do not freeze.

A

30°C

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27
Q

Care of reagent strips. Store with desiccant in an _______
container

A

opaque, tightly closed

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28
Q

AUTOMATED REAGENT STRIP. Principle: ___

A

Reflectance Photometry

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29
Q

Important in the identification of crystals and determination of
unsatisfactory specimens.

A

pH

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30
Q

Normal urine pH. Random=

A

4.5-8.0

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31
Q

Normal urine pH. 1st morning=

A

5.0-6.0

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32
Q

When pH is ≥9.0=

A

Unpreserved urine

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33
Q

Normal urine pH. Reagent:

A

Methyl red, Bromthymol blue

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34
Q

_____ tide occurs after meals due to withdrawal of H+ ions for the purpose of secretion of HC

A

Alkaline tide

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35
Q

Cranberry juice contains ____ that causes urinary excretion of hippuric acid (antibacterial)

A

quinic acid

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36
Q

A measure of the amount of dissolved substances in a solution. Influenced by number and size of particles in a solution.

A

Specific Gravity

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37
Q

Room temp

A

22-25°C

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38
Q

Ref. temp

A

2-8°C

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39
Q

Acidic urine is caused by

A

Diabetes Mellitus
Starvation
Cranberry Juice
Amino Acid

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40
Q

Diabetes mellitus. Type __: No insulin

A

Type 1

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41
Q

Diabetes mellitus. Type __: Body not responding to insulin

A

Type 2

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42
Q

Alkaline urine is caused by

A

Renal Tubular Acidosis
Old specimen
Vegetable diet (low PRAL)
Vomiting
Hyperventilation
After meal

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43
Q

PRAL means

A

Potential Renal Acid Load

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44
Q

Specific Gravity. Random urine=

A

1.003 - 1.035

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45
Q

Specific Gravity. 1st morning urine=

A

≥1.020

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46
Q

Specific Gravity. 24-hour urine=

A

> 1.016-1.22

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47
Q

Specific Gravity. Reagents, clue word

A

Bromythol blue

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48
Q

used to measure specific gravity , obsolete

A

Urinometry

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49
Q

Urinometry. Calibration temp.

A

20°C

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50
Q

____for every 3°C that the specimen temp. is below the calibration temp.

A

-0.001

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51
Q

____for every 3°C that the specimen temp. is above the calibration temp

A

+0.001

52
Q

Urinometry. 1 g/dL Glucose =

A

-0.004

53
Q

Urinometry. 1 g/dL Protein =

A

-0.003

54
Q

No need for temperature correction
Requires correction for glucose and protein

A

Refractometry (Refractometer, Rf / TS meter

55
Q

Refractometry. Indirect method based on ___

A

refractive index (RI)

56
Q

Specimens with very high specific gravity reading can be diluted and retested To obtain actual specific gravity, multiply the decimal portion of S.G. by the dilution factor

A

Specific Gravity Dilution

57
Q

Most indicative of renal disease

A

Protein

58
Q

Protein. Produces ___ in urine when shaken

A

white foam

59
Q

Normal urinary protein=

A

<150 mg/day

60
Q

Mild / minimal proteinuria=

A

<1g/day

61
Q

Moderate proteinuria=

A

1-3 or 4 g/day

62
Q

Large / heavy proteinuria=

A

> 3-4 g/day

63
Q

Protein. Reagent. key word

A

phenol

64
Q

Categories of Proteinuria

A

Pre Renal
Renal
Post Renal

65
Q

aka ‘overflow proteinuria’, caused by conditions affecting the plasma prior to reaching the kidney

A

PRE RENAL

66
Q

protein that cant be detected on radiant strip

A

Bence-Jones Protein

67
Q
  • increased levels of serum protein is the excretion of Bence-Jones protein by people with multiple ____
A

myeloma

68
Q

urine precipitates at _______ (cloudy) & dissolves at _______ (clear)

A

40-60°C (cloudy), 100°C (clear)

69
Q

“true renal disease”

A

RENAL

70
Q

Causes of Glomerular Proteinuria

A

Diabetic Nephropathy
Orthostatic Proteinuria
Other causes( Nephrotic Syndrome, Toxic agents, Dehydration, Strenous exercise, Hypertension, Amyloidosis, Pre-eclampsia)

71
Q

Pre-eclampsia is high ___

A

high blood pressure

72
Q

decreased glomerular filtration- Indicator: Microalbuminuria

A

Diabetic Nephropathy

73
Q

Diabetic Nephropathy. Indicator:

A

Microalbuminuria

74
Q

Cadet/Postural/Cyclic Proteinuria- proteinuria when standing due to increased pressure to renal veins

A

Orthostatic Proteinuria

75
Q

Orthostatic Proteinuria. 1st morning (result)

A

negative

76
Q

Clinical Proteinuria. 1st morning (result)

A

Positive

77
Q

Orthostatic Proteinuria. 2 hours after standing (result)

A

Positive

78
Q

Clinical Proteinuria. 2 hours after standing (result)

A

Positive

79
Q

Other causes of Glomerular Proteinuria.

A

Nephrotic Syndrome, Toxic agents, Dehydration, Strenous exercise, Hypertension, Amyloidosis, Pre-eclampsia

80
Q

Tubular Proteinuria causes

A

Fanconi’s Syndrome, Toxic agents/Heavy metals, Viral infections

81
Q

test for microalbuminuria (60 seconds)

A

Micral Test

82
Q

Micral Test. Principle

A

Enzyme immunoassay

83
Q

“after”
- Lower UTI/inflammation, Menstrual contamination, Injury/trauma,Vaginal secretions, Prostatic fluid/spermatozoa

A

POST RENAL

84
Q

SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST a.k.a. _____

A

Exton’s Test

85
Q

A cold precipitation test that reacts equally with all forms of protein

A

SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST

86
Q

SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST. Reagent:

A

Exton’s reagent (3% SSA + sodium sulfate)

87
Q

Most frequently tested in urine

A

Glucose

88
Q

Glucose. Reagent. Clue word/Key word

A

Peroxidase

89
Q
  • a.k.a. Clinitest / Benedict’s Test
A

COPPER REDUCTION TEST

90
Q

Nonspecific test for reducing sugars (Glucose, Galactose, Lactose, Fructose but NOT Sucrose)

A

COPPER REDUCTION TEST

91
Q

COPPER REDUCTION TEST. Principle:

A

Copper reduction

92
Q

COPPER REDUCTION TEST. caused by reducing agents

A

False-positive:

93
Q

COPPER REDUCTION TEST. caused by oxidizing agents

A

False-negative

94
Q

same action as test principle

A

False- positive

95
Q

opposite of the test principle

A

False- negative

96
Q

Result from increased fat metabolism due to inability to metabolize carbohydrates

A

Ketones

97
Q

Ketones. Renal threshold:

A

70 mg/dL

98
Q

Ketones. Reagent:

A

Chemstrip: a nitroprusside/ nitroferricyanide, Glycine

99
Q

Ketones. Seen in:

A

Type 1 DM
Vomiting
Starvation
Malabsorption

100
Q

major ketone but not detected in routine reagent strip

A

Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

101
Q

=parent ketone(1stketone body formed)

A

Acetoacetic acid (AAA) / Diacetic acid

102
Q

Ketone bodies ?

A

Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
Acetoacetic acid (AAA) / Diacetic acid
Acetone

103
Q

Blood. Reagents. key word

A

benzidine

104
Q

Cloudy red urine

A

Hematuria

105
Q

-sensitive early indicator of renal
disease
-Microscopic: intact RBCs

A

Hematuria

106
Q

Clear red urine

A

Hemoglobinuria

107
Q

-seen in intravascular hemolysis
-Microscopic: No RBCs seen

A

Hemoglobinuria

108
Q

Clear red (red-brown) urine

A

Myoglobinuria

109
Q

seen in Rhabdomyolysis

A

Myoglobinuria

110
Q

Early indication of liver disease
Tea-colored/Amber/Beer brown urine with yellow foam

A

Bilirubin

111
Q

Bilirubin. Reagents. Key word

A

dichloro

112
Q

Bilirubin. Clinical significance:

A

Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Biliary obstruction

113
Q

Bile pigment that resulted from hemoglobin degradation

A

Urobilinogen

114
Q

Urobilinogen. Normal Value:

A

<1 mg/dL or Erhlich unit

115
Q

Urobilinogen. Specimen and time

A

Afternoon urine (2-4 PM)

116
Q

-Differentiate urobilinogen (UBG), porphobilinogen (PBG) and other Ehrlich-reactive compounds (ERC)

A

WATSON - SCHWARTZ TEST

117
Q

WATSON - SCHWARTZ TEST. -Uses extraction with organic solvents:

A

Chloroform & Butanol

118
Q

rapid screening test for porphobilinogen; (+)Red

A

HOESCH TEST (Inverse Ehrlich Reaction)

119
Q

Rapid screening test of UTI or bacteriuria

A

Nitrite

120
Q

Nitrite. Specimen: ____ collection or first morning urine (preferred)

A

4 hour

121
Q

Nitrite. Reagents. Key word

A

quinolin

122
Q

Screening of urine culture specimens
Significant in UTI or inflammation

A

Leukocyte

123
Q

Leukocyte. Reagents. key word

A

ester

124
Q

Water-soluble vitamin
11th reagent pad

A

Ascorbic Acid

125
Q

Ascorbic acid causes false positive on

A

Bilirubin
Blood
Leukocytes
Nitrate
Glucose

126
Q

Ascorbic acid. Brand and Reading time

A

Cstix - 10s
Stix- 60s

AUBF (8 decks)

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