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Renal System > Urinary Tract Malignancies > Flashcards

Urinary Tract Malignancies Flashcards

1
Q

What is a RCC?

A

Renal cell carcinoma
Most common type of kidney tumour
Type of adenocarcinoma that arises from the proximal renal tubular epithelium

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2
Q

What is the classic triad of RCC?

A

Haematuria
Flank pain
Palpable mass

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3
Q

What is the presentation of RCC?

A

Asymptomatic 50/%
Haematuria
Loin pain
Weight loss, fatigue, anorexia, night sweats
Palpable renal mass

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4
Q

What is a Wilm’s tumour?

A

Specific type of renal tumour in children typically under 5
Nephroblastoma
presents with abdominal mass and haematuria

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5
Q

What are the paraneoplastic features of RCC?

A

Polycythaemia
Hypercalcaemia
HTN
Stauffer’s syndrome- abnormal LFTs

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6
Q

What is the surgical management of RCC?

A

Partial nephrectomy
Radical nephrectomy

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7
Q

What is partial nephrectomy?

A

Removing part of the kidney

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8
Q

What is radical nephrectomy?

A

Removing the entire kidney and surrounding tissue and lymph nodes (and possible adrenal gland)

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9
Q

What other procedures can be used to treat RCC?

A

Arterial embolization
Percutaneous cryotherapy
Radiofrequency ablation

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10
Q

What treatment is not effective in RCC?

A

Chemo
Radiotherapy

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11
Q

What are the types of bladder cancer?

A

TCC (90%)
SCC (5%)
Adenocarcinoma
Sarcoma
Small cell carcinoma

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12
Q

What is TCC?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma
May arise in the bladder, ureter or renal pelvis

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13
Q

What is the presentation of bladder cancer?

A

Painless haematuria
Recurrent UTIs
Voiding irritability

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14
Q

What are some risk factors for bladder cancer?

A

Smoking
Aromatic amines (carcinogen)- dye and rubber industries
Chronic cystitis
Schistosomiasis causes SCC
Pelvic radiotherapy

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15
Q

What is the diagnostic test for bladder cancer?

A

Cystoscopy with biopsy (histology)

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16
Q

What other tests are used for bladder cancer ?

A

Urine
CT urogram
MRI

17
Q

What are the treatment options for bladder cancer?

A

Transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT)
Intravesical chemotherapy
Radical cystectomy
Chemo or radiotherapy

18
Q

What are the options for draining urine after radical cystectomy?

A

Urostomy with ileal conduit- most common

Continent urinary diversion- connect ureters to a pouch with a stoma where you attach a catheter

Neobladder reconstruction- creating a new bladder from ileum

Ureterosigmoidostomy- attach ureters directly to the sigmoid colon

19
Q

What is the most common cancer in men?

A

Prostate cancer

20
Q

What are risk factors for prostate cancer?

A

Age
FH
Black African or Caribbean
Tall stature
Anabolic steroids

21
Q

What is the presentation of prostate cancer?

A

Asymptomatic
LUTS: hesitancy, frequency, weak flow, dribbling, nocturia
Haematuria
Erectile dysfunction

22
Q

What is the diagnostic for prostate cancer?

A

PSA- produced by epithelial cells of prostate
May lead to early detection of cancer

23
Q

What is the results of a cancerous prostate examination?

A

Firm/hard
Asymmetrical
Irregular
Loss of central sulcus
Hard nodule

24
Q

What is the next step in diagnosis after PSA and examination?

A

Prostate biopsy:
- Transrectal US guided biopsy (TRUS)
- Transperineal biopsy

25
Q

What is the management of prostate cancer?

A

Watchful waiting
External beam radiotherapy
Brachytherapy (radio)
Hormone therapy- reduce androgen levels that stimulate cancer to grow
Radical prostatectomy

26
Q

What are the options for hormone therapy?

A

Androgen receptor blockers
GnRH agonists

27
Q

From where does testicular cancer arise?

A

Germ cells in the testes

28
Q

What are the 2 divisions of testicular cancers?

A

Seminomas
Non seminomas (mostly teratomas)

29
Q

What are the risk factors for testicular cancer?

A

Undescended testes
Male infertility
FH
Increased height

30
Q

What is the typical presentation of testicular cancer?

A

Painless lump on testicle

31
Q

What investigations are carried out for testicular cancer?

A

Scrotal US
Tumour markers
- Alpha fetoprotein
- Beta-hcg
- LDH
Staging CT

32
Q

What is the management of testicular cancer?

A

Radical orchidectomy- inguinal incision centred over inguinal canal
Chemo
Radio
Sperm banking

Renal System (12 decks)

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