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Renal System > Urinary Physiology > Flashcards

Urinary Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up a renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of the glomerulus?

A

Fenestrated capillaries
Glomerular basement membrane
Podocytes

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3
Q

What connects podocytes?

A

Nephrin proteins

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4
Q

What lies between podocytes?

A

Slit pores

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5
Q

What are mesangial cells?

A

Phagocyte macromolecules that make it through the basement membrane

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6
Q

What is GFR?

A

How much blood the kidney filters each miniute

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7
Q

What is normal GFR?

A

125ml/min

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8
Q

What happens to GFR in increased afferent arteriole resistance?

A

Decreased GFR

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9
Q

What happens to GFR in increased efferent arteriole resistance?

A

Increased GFR

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10
Q

What starling force favours filtration?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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11
Q

What starling force favours reabsorption?

A

Oncotic pressure

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12
Q

Which starling force dominates in the glomerular capillaries?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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13
Q

Which starling force dominates in the peritubular capillaries?

A

Oncotic pressure

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14
Q

What is reabsorbed at the proximal tubule?

A

Sodium
Glucose
Water
Chloride
Old HCO3-

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15
Q

What is the process of Na+ reabsorption?

A

Na+- K+ ATPase creates the conc. gradient
This drives the SGLT symporter
This also drives the Na+-H+ antiporter

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16
Q

What is the process of old HCO3- reabsorption?

A

Na+- H+ antiporter uses H+ from carbonic acid and the HCO3- leaves via Na+- HCO3- symporter

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17
Q

What is reabsorbed at the descending limb of the loop of henle?

A

Water via aquaporin channels

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18
Q

What is reabsorbed at the ascending limb of the loop of henle?

A

Na+ and Cl- via NKCL2 transporter
No aquaporin channels

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19
Q

What is the counter current multiplier?

A

Active transport of sodium in the ascending limb sets up the gradient for movement of water out of the descending limb
This creates a hypotonic solution in the DCT and a hyperosmotic environment in the interstitial medulla

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20
Q

What ions are absorbed in the early DCT?

A

Na+
Cl-
Ca2+
Mg2+

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21
Q

Is water absorbed in the DCT?

A

No it is impermeable to water like the ascending limb

22
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the distal DCT?

A

Principal cells
Intercalated cells

23
Q

What is the function of principal cells?

A

Uptake of Na+
Secretion of K+

24
Q

What is the function of intercalated cells?

A

Acid base control- reabsorption of new HCO3-
- Phosphate buffers
- Ammonia buffers

25
Q

What is the process of new HCO3- reabsorption?

A

H+ pump- active transport of H+ into the tubule lumen

26
Q

What is another name for ADH?

A

Vasopressin

27
Q

Where is ADH secreted from?

A

Posterior pituitary

28
Q

What is the action of ADH?

A

Increases water reabsorption

29
Q

Where does AHD act in the nephron?

A

DIstal tubule and collecting ducts

30
Q

What is the impact of increased plasma volume on ADH release?

A

Increased volume (hypervolaemia) means decrease osmolality
Osmoreceptors expand
Decreased ADH release

31
Q

What is the impact of decreased plasma volume on ADH release?

A

Decreased volume (hypovolaemia) means increased osmolarity
Osmoreceptors contract
Increased ADH release

32
Q

What is the mechanism of ADH release?

A

Increased insertion of aquaporin channels in the apical membrane

33
Q

What is the end product of RAAS?

A

Angiotensin II

34
Q

What is the impact of angiotensin II on the arterioles?

A

Vasoconstriction

35
Q

What is the impact of angiotensin II on the kidney?

A

Increased Na+ reabsorption
H2O retention

36
Q

What is the impact of angiotensin II on the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Increased NA release
- Vasoconstriction
- Renin release

37
Q

What is the impact of angiotensin II on the adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone release
- Acts on principal cells of collecting ducts
- Increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion

38
Q

What 2 organs are involved in acid base balance?

A

Lungs- control CO2
Kidneys- control HCO3-

39
Q

How long does respiratory response take?

A

Minutes

40
Q

What is the function of the resp. system in acid base balance?

A

Chemoreceptors detect the high levels of H+ and CO2 in the blood and alter resp. rate accordingly

41
Q

Where are the resp. chemoreceptors?

A

Carotid body
Aortic arch

42
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

Low pH
High pCO2
Compensation: increase HCO3-

43
Q

What causes resp. acidosis?

A

Opiates
Sleep apnoea
Lung disease

44
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A

High pH
Low pCO2
Compensation: decrease HCO3-

45
Q

What causes resp. alkalosis?

A

Hyperventilation
Altitudes
Aspirin

46
Q

How long does urinary response take?

A

Hours

47
Q

What is the function of the urinary system in acid base balance

A

Reabsorption of old HCO3- in the PCT
Production of new HCO3- in the DCT
Excretion of H+ ions as H2PO4- (phosphate buffer) or NH4+ (ammonia buffer)

48
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

Low pH
Low HCO3-
Compensation: decrease PCO2

49
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis?

A

DKA
Lactic acidosis
Diarrhoea

50
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis?

A

High pH
High HCO3-
Compensation: increase PCO2

51
Q

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

A

Vomiting
Diuretics
Burns

52
Q

What is involved in micturition?

A
  1. Stretch receptors in bladder wall fire
  2. Parasympathetic neurons fire, sympathetic neurones stop firing
  3. Inhibition of somatic motor neurones to external sphincter

Renal System (12 decks)

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