Renal diseases overview Flashcards
What are the 3 presentations of renal disease?
Asymptomatic diseases
With renal tract symptoms
Systemic disorder with renal involvement
What are the elements of asymptomatic renal disease?
Non-visible haematuria
Asymptomatic proteinuria (PCR or ACR)
Abnormal eGFR
High BP
Electrolyte abnormalities
What are common renal tract symptoms?
Urinary symptoms- dysuria, urgency, frequency, nocturia, oliguria, anuria, polyuria
Loin pain (ureteric colic)
Visible haematuria
Nephrotic syndrome- proteinuria, hypalbuminaemia, peripheral oedema
What are the systemic symptoms of renal disease?
Diabetes
Metabolic- tuberous sclerosis
Autoimmune- vasculitis, SLE, sarcoid
Infection- sepsis, HIV
Malignancy- obstruction, hypercalcaemia
Pregnancy- pre eclampsia
Drugs- NSAIDs, ACEIs, ARBs, aminoglycosides
What is the main investigation when you suspect renal disease?
Dipstick urinalysis
What is proteinuria?
Protein in the urine. Requires protein quantification
- Albumin: creatinine ratio (ACR)
- Protein: creatinine ratio (PCR)
What are some causes of proteinuria?
Glomerulonephritis
Diabetes
Amyloidosis
Myeloma
What is haematuria?
Blood in the urine
- Visible (frank)
- Non visible (dipstick/microscopy)
What are the causes of haematuria?
Malignancy
Calculi
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
What causes glucose in the urine?
Diabetes
Pregnancy
Sepsis
What causes ketones in the urine?
Starvation
Ketoacidosis
What causes leucocytes and nitrites in the urine?
UTI
What causes bilirubin in th eurine?
Haemolysis
