urinary tract infections

Question 1

Mollicutes examples for urinary tract infections

______ flora

Answer 1

Mycoplasma spp.
Ureaplasma spp.

normal mucous membrane flora

Question 2

Candida albicans

Answer 2

fungal
urinary tract infections

Question 3

Enterbacterales:
E. coli, Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp.
gram - or +
aerobic or anaerobic
opportunistic or not
clinical signs

Answer 3

gram - enterics
facultative anaerobes
opportunistic fecal organisms
urolithiasis & prostatitis
acute and chronic infections

Question 4

what bacteria most commonly causes prostatitis

Answer 4

E.coli

Question 5

which two enterbacterales cause urolithiasis

Answer 5

Enterbacter spp.
Proteus spp.

Question 6

uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)
gram - or +
aerobic or anaerobic
virulence factors
species affected

Answer 6

gram -
facultative anaerobe
P-fimbriae
alpha-hemolysin
siderophores
humans, dogs

Question 7

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
gram - or +
shape
aerobic or anaerobic
ubquitous ______

Answer 7

gram - rod (non-enteric)
obligate aerobes
environmental organism, catheter usage

Question 8

staphylococcus pseudintermedius & S. aureus
gram - or +
shape
aerobic or anaerobic
clinical signs
____ flora
_____ positive

Answer 8

gram + cocci
facultative anaerobe

urolithiasis

skin and mucous membrane flora

coagulase +

Question 9

enterococcus spp.
gram - or +
shape
aerobic or anaerobic
ubiquitous _______

Answer 9

gram + cocci
facultative anaerobe
fecal organism

Question 10

Corynebacterium urealyticum
gram - or +
aerobic or anaerobic
____ flora
clinical signs

Answer 10

gram + rod
facultative anaerobe
skin flora
urolithiasis

Question 11

Corneybacterium renale
gram - or +
aerobic or anaerobic
____ flora
clinical signs
virulence factors
species affected

Answer 11

gram + rods
facultative anaerobes
urogenital flora
urolithiasis, ureteritis, pyelonephritis, balanoposthitis “pizzle rot” in rams
P-fimbriae
cattle, sheep, goats

Question 12

diagnostics for urinary tract infections

what is the cleanest

Answer 12

cystocentesis (cleanest), catheterization, midstream (dirtiest)

aerobic culture

quantitative plating (CFUs)

in-clinic cultures

Question 13

should you treat animals that don’t have lower urinary signs (straining, increased frequency, discomfort)

Answer 13

NO

Question 14

simple presence of bacteria in urine is ____ an indication to treat

Answer 14

NOT

Question 15

treatments for urinary tract infections

Answer 15

antimicrobials
empirical therapy (no culture) for first infection
target therapy (culture) for recurrent infections (repeat 5-7 after cessation of therapy)
signs improve with 48 hours

Question 16

relative incidence of UTI in dogs and cats

Answer 16

female dogs more common
dogs more common than cats

Question 17

which UTI associated organisms are associated with complications due to urease?

Answer 17

Enterbacterales spp. (Enterobacter & Proteus)
Staphylococcus spp.
Corneybacterium spp.

Question 18

which antibiotics have utility in both the bladder and the prostate?

Answer 18

enrofloxacin
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Question 19

what is quantitative urine culture

Answer 19

Quantitative Plating
- CFU per ml of urine
- interpretation in context with the collection method (cystocentesis will have least amount CFU and midstream will have greatest amount CFU)