Urinary Systems 2

Question 1

Ureterocele:

Answer 1

prolapse of distal ureteric mucosa in bladder causing cystic dilation

Question 2

What are the 3 types of ureteroceles:

Answer 2

simple- in bladder wall
ectopic- inserting into bladder in an abnormal location, can be associated with renal duplication (a/w segmented hydronephrosis)

Question 3

Hydroureter is located:

Answer 3

posteriorly and should communicate with renal pelvis and bladder

Question 4

What’s the most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male newborns?

Answer 4

posterior urethral valve

it’s an obstructing membrane in the male posterior urethra

Question 5

What’s the key hole sign:

Answer 5

describes a dilated urinary bladder with a dilated proximal urethra

Question 6

If there’s no bladder, it’s likely

Answer 6

bilateral renal abnormalities

Question 7

there’s a lot of shit on this ppt so

Answer 7

look and study the ppt too

Question 8

What abnormalities are associated with visualization of the bladder?

Answer 8

isolated, unilateral, ureteral pelvic junction obstruction (UPJ) and multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) are associated with normal visualization of the bladder and normal AFV

Question 9

When we don’t see the bladder, what could be the reason that the fetus may not be producing urine?

Answer 9

bilateral renal agenesis
bilateral multicystic kidneys
bilateral severe renal dysplasia
bilateral severe UPJ obstruction
ARPKD
severe IUGR

Question 10

When we don’t see the bladder, what could be the reason that the fetus may not be storing urine?

Answer 10

bladder exstrophy
cloacal exstrophy
bilateral single system ectopic ureters

Question 11

Megacystitis:

Answer 11

can be a sign of bladder outlet obstruction and can be a/w: oligohydramnios, hydroureters and hydronephrosis
*most common cause is PUV

Question 12

Megacystitis measurements:

Answer 12

bladder diameter:
>7mm in 1st tri
>30mm in 2nd tri
>60mm in 3rd tri

Question 13

What are causes of megacystitis:

Answer 13

PUV
urethral atresia/stricture
Prune belly syndrome
megalourethra
cloacal malformation
megacystitis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome

Question 14

Cloacal malformation:

Answer 14

persistent cloaca- a confluence of the rectum, vagina and urethra into a single common channel
only in girls
challenge in pediatric surgery

Question 15

Bladder exstrophy:

Answer 15

anterior abdominal wall and anterior wall of bladder fail to form
posterior wall of single bladder protrudes through abdo wall
a/w: separation of pubic bones, low-set umbilicus, and abnormal genitalia
both arteries running along cyst

Question 16

Bladder exstrophy is mostly isolated and rarely associated with OEIS complex, what is that?

Answer 16

OEIS
omphacele
exstrophy of bladder
imperforated anus
spinal defects

Question 17

Urethral atresia:

Answer 17

second most common cause of urethral level obstruction but causes the most severe form of obstruction

Question 18

Prune belly syndrome is also known as

Answer 18

eagle Barrett syndrome

Question 19

What is prune belly syndrome

Answer 19

bladder distension interferes with the descent of the testes (cryptorchidism)
triad:
absent anterior abdo musculature
cryptorchidism
UT abnormalities

Question 20

Hydrocele:

Answer 20

accumulation of the fluid in the tunica vaginalis which surrounded the testes
should be evaluated after birth for inguinal hernia

Question 21

Most of fetal ovarian cysts are:

Answer 21

benign

Question 22

Amniotic fluid:

Answer 22

second half of pregnancy the main source of fluid production is from fetus (urine and lungs)
fluid clearance- fetal swallowing of fluid and passes back to mother’s bloodstream. direct flow across the amnion into placental blood vessels

Question 23

Where does the metanephros develop?

Answer 23

pelvis and ascend into abdomen

an outgrowth of the mesonephric duct called the metanephric diverticulum

Question 24

When do the kidneys first start to produce urine?

Answer 24

11wks

Question 25

When does the cloaca divide?

Answer 25

9wks

Question 26

Kidney smoothing completes in utero. True or false

Answer 26

False–completes in childhood

Question 27

The bladder develops from the allantois. True or false

Answer 27

False– develops from upper part of urogenital sinus. It is, however, connected to the allantois

Question 28

Male and female genitalia are identical until 11W GA,

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Unilateral renal agenesis is often associated with oligohydramnios. True or false

Answer 29

False–as long as there’s one functioning kidney, there won’t be oligohydramnios

Question 30

What sonographic findings are common to Potter’s sequence?

Answer 30

oligohydramnios, hypertelorism, limb deformities, IUGR, usually bilateral renal agenesis (lying down adrenal sign)