Fetal Head Abnormalites numero dos Flashcards

1
Q

What is Holoprosencephaly?

A

failure of division of the prosencephalon (fore brain) resulting in varying degree of prosencephalon midline defects

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2
Q

What is the clinical presentation of holoprosencephaly?

A
proboscis
cyclopia
cleft lip/palate
occular hypotelorism
colitary median maxillary central incisor
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3
Q

What chromosomal abnormalities are associated with holoprosencephaly (aneuploidic)

A

Tri13 (most common)

Tri18

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4
Q

What is associated with holoprosencephaly (non-aneuploidic)

A
congenital renal anomalies
congenital cardiac anomalies
diabetic embryopathy
facial anomalies
shprintzen syndrome
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5
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of holoprosencephaly

A

alobar
semilobar
lobar

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6
Q

What is alobar holoprosencephaly

A

thalami are fused
single posterior ventricle
a/w: facial abnormalities– cyclopia, ethmocephaly, cebocephaly and median cleft lip

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7
Q

What is semi lobar holoprosencephaly

A

central lobes are present: most commonly fused anteriorly and at the thalami
olfactory tracts/bulbs are not present
agenesis/hypoplasia of CC

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8
Q

What is lobar holoprosencephaly

A

least affected
more subtle midline abnormalities: fusion of cingulate gyrus and thalami
olfactory tracts/CC can be absent or hypoplastic

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9
Q

Is holoprosencephaly compatible with extra uterine life?

A

not usually

depends on type

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10
Q

What is the most common type of holoprosencephaly

A

Alobar

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11
Q

There’s a lotta shit on holoprosencephaly so

A

review the slides

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12
Q

What is hydranencephaly

A

gross ventriculomegaly due to complete or near complete absence of cerebral tissue

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13
Q

What does hydranencephaly appear as?

A

absence of the cerebral hemispheres with an incomplete or absence falx and a sac-like structure cerebral fluid surrounding the brainstem and basal ganglia

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14
Q

What is the key sonographic feature of hydranencephaly?

A

large cranial fluid collection lacking a mantle or rim of cerebral brain tissue

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15
Q

Is hydranencephaly compatible with life?

A

no

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16
Q

What is schizencephaly?

A

clefts in the cerebral mantle (usually bilateral), lined by pia-ependyma, with communication between the ventricles and subarachnoid space

17
Q

How is Dandy Walker Malformation characterized

A

complete agenesis of cerebellar vermis

18
Q

What is a primary (congenital) arachnoid cyst

A

results from benign accumulation of clear fluid between the dura and the brain substance throughout the CNS
related to the arachnoid membrane and does not communicate with the subarachnoid space.

19
Q

What is secondary (acquired) arachnoid cysts

A

result from haemorrhage, trauma, and infection

usually communicate with the subarachnoid space

20
Q

Does an arachnoid cyst communicate with the ventricles?

A

No

21
Q

What is porencephaly (porencephalic cyst)?

A

rare disorder
no mass effect
cystic degeneration & encephalomalacia and the formation of porencephalic cysts

22
Q

Porencephaly is more severe than hydranencephaly. True or false

A

False– less severe

23
Q

What causes porencephaly

A

infarction or hemorrhage into brain parenchyma due to insult in utero (abruption, trauma, infection) causing focal or widespread ischemia

necrosis and cystic resolution of brain tissue leads to cyst formation that communicates with the ventricle.

24
Q

Do porencephalic cysts communicate with the ventricular system and subarachnoid space?

A

yes

25
Q

What is Arnold Chiari malformation?

A

prolapse of hindbrain structures below the foramen magnum

a/w: skeletal abnormalities and neurological dysfunction

26
Q

What is type 1 of Arnold Chiari?

A

just a lip of cerebellum is downwardly displaced with the tonsils, but the fourth ventricle remains in the posterior fossa this is mainly an incidental CT discovery

27
Q

What is type 2 of Arnold Chiari?

A

usually involved in prenatal cases and is a congenital deformity characterized by displacement of cerebellar tonsils, parts of the cerebellum, fourth ventricle, pons, and medulla oblongata through the foramen magnum into the spinal canal
usually accompanied by hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele.

28
Q

What is type 3 of Arnold Chiari?

A

more severe form, with large herniation of the posterior fossa content and myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus

29
Q

Which type of Arnold Chiari do we see schematic changes?

A

Type 2

30
Q

What is a sign we see in Arnold Chiari Malformation?

A

Bananaaaaa sign – lobes of cerebellum lost their lumpy appearance and vermian incisure aint normal