CORD/ ALL THAT Flashcards
duringweek 4-8 the amnion envelopes to make
body stalk + ductus omphalo-entericus + umbilical coelom
ultimately the cord forms from fusion between
the two extra-embryonic mesoderm layers
The cord is covered with amnion and the interior contains
wartons jelly
what does wartons jelly do
Protects the umbilical vessels from possible mechanical pressure and creasing.
very long cord associated with (4)
Asphyxia
Death due to knots
Multiple loops of nuchal cord
Cord prolapse
Short cord associated with (2)
aneuploidy, and extreme IUGR.
Umbilical coiling is defined as
distance between the same umbilical artery making one turn around the umbilical vein.
does umbilical coiling vary with amount of wartons jelly
no
Lower degrees of coiling are associated with
lesser degrees of fetal growth
In the 2nd & 3rd trimesters, the largest contributor to the size of umbilical cord is associated with
wartons jelly
In the 2nd and 3rd trimester thin cord can be seen in
IUGR
In the 2nd and 3rd trimester thicker cord can be seen in (5)
Aneuploidy Diabetes, Fetal macrosomia, Placental abruption, Rhesus isoimmunization
Rhesus Isoimmunization occurs when
mother is Rh-negative and the baby is Rh-positive, the mother produces antibodies (including IgG) against the Rhesus D antigen on her baby’s RBCs.
regarded as insufficient immune tolerance in pregnancy
does Rhesus disease get better with more births
no becomes worse with each additional Rh incompatible pregnancy.
2 benign tumors of umbilical cord
hemangioma and teratoma
hemangiomas occur at what end of the cord
placental end
appearance of hemangiomas
Multicystic appearance
may be impossible to differentiate from a teratoma, hematoma or umbilical cord cyst.
hemangioma associated with
still birth
hemangiomas might be result of
large pseudocysts
hemagioma aka
angiomyxomas
teratoma appearance
solid with or without cystic areas
teratoma contains what tissue
tissue from all three germ cell types
absent coiling occurs in __% of the cases
5%
absent coiling associated with
single umbilical artery both marginal and velamentous umbilical cord insertions multiple gestations aneuploidy preterm delivery fetal demise
some true knots of cord associated with (2)
fetal death or just normal variants
where are umbilical cysts most frequently seen
portions closest to the fetus
where does umbilical cyst develop from? (2)
allantois and omphalomesenteric duct
Pseudo-cysts may develop through _____ giving cord a _______ appearance
through liquefaction of Wharton’s Jelly giving the umbilical cord a hydropic appearance.
when are cysts normal
1st trimester
if cysts persist in 2nd and 3rd they suggest
chromosomal and/or structural abnormalities
when is nuchal cord often seen
2nd or 3rd trimester
cause of single umbilical artery (SUA)
congenital
absence of the left or right umbilical artery is much more common
left
single umbilical artery (SUA) more common in
twins
4 associations of single umbilical artery (SUA)
Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR)
Aneuploidy
Renal abnormalities
Cardiac abnormalities
