Fetal Head Abnormalities Flashcards by FWU Enterprise

Embryonic brain and spinal cord develop from

neural tube

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Neural tube defects may either be

open or closed

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Open NTD show an increase in what

maternal serum AFP and amniotic fluid AFP

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What is macrocephaly?

larger than expected head size

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What is the purpose of scanning for macrocephaly?

exclude intracranial abnormalities–hydrocephalus, intracranial tumor or macrosomia

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What is microcephaly?

smaller than expected head

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What is an intact calvarium?

calvarium is top part of skull

distinguishes microcephaly from anencephaly and encephacele

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What’s the most common etiology of microcephaly?(3)

Fetal infection
Anoxia
Chromosomal abnormalities

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What are the key sonographic features of microcephaly?

abnormal small head size (BPD or HC 2-3 SD below mean)

abnormal fetal biometric ratio (3 or more SD)

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What is brachycephaly

head is rounder than usual

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What is dolichocephaly

narrow BPD and low occipitofrontal diameter (OFD)

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What causes brachycephaly? What causes dolichocephaly?

B- multiple gestations

D- Breech position/oligohydraminos

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Lemon sign is associated with?

spina bifida

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Clover leaf skull is associated with?

thanatophoric dysplasia, homozygous achondroplasia***

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Strawberry shaped skull is associated with?

trisomy 18**

similar to lemon but no obvious concavity to the frontal bones

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What is Spalding’s sign associated with?

fetal demise

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What is Spalding’s sign

flattened and misshapen fetal head with overlapping cranial bones
fetal death is 4-7 days before overlapping/separation occurs

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What measurement is considered scalp edema?

> 3mm

normal is under 3mm

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Where do choroid plexus cysts arise from?

neuroepithelial folds in the choroid plexus

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Where’s the most common site of choroid plexus cysts?

arterial region of lateral ventricle

Are choroid plexus cysts unilateral or bilateral

unilateral

When do we mostly see choroid plexus cysts?

16-24wks gestation

Do choroid plexus cysts persist or regress?

Regress

What are choroid plexus cysts associated with?

Tri18

Tri21

What are the key sonographic features we will see with agenesis of the corpus callosum?

absence of cavum septum pellucidum | colpocephaly (disproportion of occipital horns and lat ventricles)

What is agenesis of the CC associated with?

Dandy Walker Malformation (DWM)

Presence of _____ excludes ACC

CSP

What are the signs we we see with ACC? In sag, trv and cor | agenesis of corpus callosum

sunburst appearance (sag) bullet shaped ventricles (ax) bat wing appearance (cor)

ICC (intracranial calcifications) is the most common result of what

cytomegalovirus (CMV)

What are intracranial calcifications associated with

brain tumor such as teratoma

What is a complication of brain tumors (ICC)

hydrocephalus

What is the most common ICC

teratoma

Are teratoma's benign or malig | also what do they look like

benign but can turn malignant | wide variety of tissue types and can resemble a hemorrhage

What is the vein of Galen/straight sinus

major draining vein that lies in the trv fissure within the subarachnoid space--posterior and slightly superior to thalami

What is a pathognomonic sign

a particular sign whose presence means that a particular disease is beyond any doubt

What is a vein of Galen aneursym

appears as a fusiform median cyst in the region of the trv fissure Turbulent flow--high v, low z

What is acrania

absence of normal cranial vault with a normal appearing or disorganized brain above the orbits

What is anencephaly

absence of cranial vault, cerebral hemispheres and diencephalic structures

What is there an absence of with anencephaly

normally formed skin, cranial bones and brain superior to the orbits

Do bbs with anencephaly have a face?

yes, and eyes

What is the most reliable sonographic feature of anencephaly?

failure to identify normal cranial morphology and brain tissue above the orbits

What is a cephalocele

herniation of intracranial structures through a defect in cranium

If the cephalocele only contains meninges and CSF, what is it called

meningocele

If the cephalocele also contains brain tissue, what it is called? (2 names)

encephalocele or meningocephalocele

Is ventriculomegaly bilateral or unilateral

Bi and symmetrical

What's the best indicator of ventriculomegaly?

Atrial measurement

What is hydrocephalus/hydrocephaly

ventriculomegaly w/ increased intracranial pressure

What typically causes hydrocephalus/hydrocephaly

lesion causing obstruction of the CSF