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Abdomen > urinary system week 8 > Flashcards

urinary system week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

the kidney is a _____ organ just below the ____ and in the ____ cavity

A

retroperitoneal
diaphragm
abdominal

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2
Q

the kidney is located in the ____ region - lie on either side of spine paravertebral between T____- L ____

A

T12.
L3

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3
Q

the ____ kidney is slightly more inferior that the ____ kidney

A

right
left

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3
Q

the upper pole of the kidney is protected by the ___ ____

A

lower ribs

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4
Q

the right kidney is ______ to liver and gallbladder

A

posterioinferior

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5
Q

the kidneys move about ____cm with respiration

A

2.5cm

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5
Q

the left kidney is approximately ____cm longer than the right

A

.5cm

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6
Q

the normal size of the the kidney in SAG is __-___cm

A

9-12 cm

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7
Q

the normal size of the kidney in TRV is ___-____cm

A

5-7cm

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8
Q

the normal size oof the kidney in AP is ___-___cm

A

3-5cm

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9
Q

the left kidney is ____ and ____ to spleen

A

inferior
medial

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9
Q

the left kidney is usually slightly longer than the right, within ___cm of each other in length

A

1cm

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10
Q

cortical thickness is measured from the _____ to the _____ to the _____ and is normally between 6 to 10mm ( used to determine the severity of renal failure

A

base
pyramid
capsule

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11
Q

the kidneys are ____ to psoas and quadrates lumborum muscles

A

anterior

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12
Q

adrenal glands are ____, ___ and ____ to kidneys

A

superior
anterior
medial

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13
Q

_____ _____ is a fibrous sheath that surrounds kidneys, perinephric fat and the adrenal glands

A

Gerotas fascia

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14
Q

renal artery, vein and ureter enter the kidneys through the ____ ____

A

renal hilum

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15
Q

_____ _____ AKA ____ ____ covers the kidney

A

renals capsule
true capsule

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16
Q

the kidney covering layers from inner to outer are
1.renal _____
2. ______ fat
3. ____ _____
4. ______ fat

A

capsule
perinephric
gerotas fascia
paranephric

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17
Q

the kidneys are shaped like kidney beans or ____ beans

A

jelly

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18
Q

he upper and lower portions of the kidneys are ____ in shape

A

oval

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19
Q

the ____ of the kidney is deeply indented

A

hilum

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20
Q

the ___ renal is more inferior than the ____

A

right
left

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21
Q

the right renal is ______ to liver and gallbladder

A

posterioinferior

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22
Q

the entrance of the sinus is the ____

A

hilum

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23
Q

through the renal____ passes renal artery, vein , nerves , lymphatic vessels and ureter

A

hilum

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24
Q

the sinus contains ____, major ____ and _____ tissue

A

fat
calyces
connective

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25
Q

the renal pelvis is the expanded ____ end of the ureter

A

superior

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26
Q

the renal pelvis is a urine ____

A

reservoir

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27
Q

the renal pelvis divides into the _____

A

infundibula

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28
Q

in the sinus there are 2 to 3 major calyces that divide into 8-18 minor calyces ( calyx= little cavity) which correspond to number of _____

A

pyramids

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29
Q

on top of each minor calyx touches renal ____

A

pyramid

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30
Q

the parenchyma surrounds the ____ and is made up of ____ and ____

A

sinus
cortex
medulla

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31
Q

the renal cortex in adults in _____ to liver and spleen

A

hypo echoic

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32
Q

the renal cortex in infants-3months may be ____ or more _____ than liver and spleen

A

isoechoic
echogenic

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33
Q

teh renal cortex in infants the pyramids may be relatively ____ and _____

A

large
prominent

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34
Q

cortex is ____ to renal capsule

A

deep

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35
Q

renal medullary region ( pyramids) is ____ to cortex

A

deep

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36
Q

the outer cortex contains millions of ____

A

nephrons

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37
Q

the renal medulla contains the renal _____

A

pyramids

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38
Q

pyramids are triangular shape in ___

A

SAG

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38
Q

pyramids are most _____ area in the abdomen

A

hypo echoic

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39
Q

the base of pyramids dorm margin with _____

A

cortex

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40
Q

apices of pyramids point toward renal sinus and touch minor ____

A

calyces

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41
Q

columns of ____ spectate pyramids

A

bertin

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42
Q

pyramids empty into the renal ____

A

pelvis

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43
Q

renal ____ larger than renal ____

A

veins
arteries

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44
Q

renal ____ are easier to visualize on ultrasound

A

veins

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45
Q

right renal artery passes ____ to IVC

A

posterior

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46
Q

the left renal vein passes ____ to aorta and ____ to SMA

A

anterior
posterior

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47
Q

the ____ renal vein is longer than the _____ renal vein

A

left
right

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48
Q

blood drainage is by right and left renal ____

A

veins

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49
Q

within the kidneys veins follow the arterial ____

A

segments

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50
Q

rigt and left renal vein drain blood directly to the ____

A

IVC

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51
Q

the left renal vein is seen ____ to the SMA and ____ to the aorta, drain blood to the _____

A

posterior
anterior
IVC

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52
Q

a renal function is that it disposes ___ waste through ____ production

A

metabolic
urine

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53
Q

a renal function is that it helps maintain ___ ___ through regulation of fluid volumes

A

blood pressure

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54
Q

a renal function is that it regulated ___/____ balance

A

acid / base

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55
Q

a renal function is that it regulates serum _____

A

electrolytes

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56
Q

2 hormones that affect renal function are ____and ____

A

aldosterone
ADH

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57
Q

_____ is reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium

A

aldosterone

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58
Q

_____ is an antidiuretic hormone reducing the amount of water excreted

A

ADH

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59
Q

two _____: remove waste from the blood and produce urine

A

kidneys

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60
Q

____ is the major process for waste removal

A

excretion

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61
Q

cellular metabolic activities proceed waste products that may reach toxic levels if not ___ from the body

A

excreted

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62
Q

____ is a process of separating and removing substances harmful to the body

A

excretion

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63
Q

two ____: act as tubal ducts leading from the hilum of the kidneys and drain into the urinary bladder

A

ureters

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64
Q

bladder collects and stores urine, which is eventually discharged through the ____

A

urethra

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65
Q

_____ is a nitrogenous waste produced from phosphocreatine in the muscles

A

creatinine

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66
Q

the formation of urine involves three processes
- _____ filtration
- tubular _____
- tubular ______

A

glomerular
reabsorption
secretion

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67
Q

two main structures of the nephron are renal ____ and renal _____

A

corpuscle
tubule

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68
Q

____ function is that it filters the blood and to produce urine

A

nephron

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69
Q

in nephron blood filtered in the Renal ____

A

corpuscle

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70
Q

in nephron the filtered fluid passes through the Renal _____

A

tubule

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71
Q

renal corpuscles are a network of capillaries(______) surrounded by a cuplike structure (______ ____)

A

glomerulus
Bowmans capsule

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72
Q

the _____ arteriole brings blood toward the glomerulus

A

afferent

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73
Q

the _____ arteriole move the blood away from the glomerulus

A

efferent

74
Q

efferent arteriole conducts blood to a second set of capillaries (______ capillaries ) that surround the renal tubule where reabsorption and secretion occur

A

peritubular

75
Q

in the ____ convoluted tubule reabsorption occurs

A

proximal

76
Q

the loop of ____ is the middle of renal tubes

A

henle

77
Q

the _____ convoluted tubule is where secretion occurs

A

distal

78
Q

glomerular filtration occurs at the level of the ____

A

glomerulus

79
Q

tubular reabsorption occurs at the level of ____ convoluted tubule

A

proximal

80
Q

tubular section occurs at the level of convoluted ___

A

tubule

81
Q

kidney has a ____ function which helps remove waste products and regulating the amount of electrolytes in the body ( sodium, potassium and calcium )

A

excretion

82
Q

the kidneys regulate ___ ___ by removing excess water

A

blood pressure

83
Q

the spleen controls ___ levels of the blood by maintaining an ___ ____ balance

A

PH
acid
base

84
Q

a fucntion of the kidney are that they secrete ____
( erythropoietin , renin that regulates angiotensin and aldosterone hormones levels, vitamin D activation )

A

hormones

85
Q

_____ test check urine PH, Blood , hematocrit , hemoglobin, protein, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen )

A

urinalysis

86
Q

____ ____ is the most specific renal lab value

A

serum creatinine

87
Q

serume creatine elevation is related to renal ____

A

dysfunction

88
Q

there is no serum creatine increase till ____% of function is lost

A

50%

89
Q

____ ____ normal range is .6-1.2mg/dl

A

serum creatine

90
Q

elevated blood urea nitrogen is related to acute or chronic renal ____

A

disease

91
Q

___ ___ ____ is nor as specific as creatinine

A

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

92
Q

____ ____ ____ can also eb elevated with renal damage, renal failure or urinary obstruction

A

blood urea nitrogen

93
Q

blood urea nitrogen ____ may also occur with CHF, GI bleeds, shock and starvation

A

elevation

94
Q

blood urea nitrogen ____ levels indicate overhydration, pregnancy , liver failure or decreased protein intake

A

lowered

95
Q

___ ___ ____ normal range is 5-15mg/dl

A

blood urea nitrogen

96
Q

the wall of the bladder consists of four layers
- _____ ( most inner layer )
- ______
-_______
- ______ ( most outer layer)

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscular
serosa

97
Q

the urinary bladder is located _____ to symphysis pubis

A

posterior

98
Q

the urinary bladder is located ____ to the _____ in male

A

anterior
rectum

99
Q

the urinary bladder is located ____ to the ____ in women

A

anterior
uterus

100
Q

the ____ ____ is a large muscular bag that collects and contacts to expel urine through the urethra

A

urinary bladder

101
Q

the 4 angles of the bladder are
- _____
- _____
- _____ ( 2)

A

anterior
inferior
posterolateral

102
Q

the 4 surfaces of the urinary bladder are
- _____ ( funds of the bladder )
- _____ ( fundus or base of the bladder )
- _______ ( 2) ( adjacent to levator ani muscles )

A

superior
posterior
inferolateral

103
Q

urnie residual volume after urination is less than ___ ML in adult.

and over 65 years can be ___ ML

A

20 ml

50 ml

104
Q

the normal bladder wall measurement is

< ____ MM when distended

< ___MM when non distended

A

<3mm
<5mm

105
Q

urine accumulates in the bladder until the increased pressure stimulates the organs nervous receprots to relax the urethra’s ____

A

sphincter

106
Q

the formula for volume is
volume = ____ x_____ X_____ x ____

A

length
width
height
0.52

107
Q

the bladder ____ represents the 3 openings in the bladder 2 opening from the ureter and one opening from the urethra

A

trigon

107
Q

the ____ is a slender tubular structure with an average length of ____ cm and is typically _____ mm in diameter

A

ureter
30cm
6mm

108
Q

the average length of the ureter is ____ cm and is typically ___ mm in diameter

A

30cm
6cmm

109
Q

the ureter is located _____ obstructed by bowel gas cannot be imaged

A

retroperitoneal

110
Q

the ureter proximal end is expanded continuous with the renal_____

A

pelvis

111
Q

the utter emerges from the hilum of the kidney and runs vertically downward in the retroperitoneum, behind the parietal retroperitnoneum along the posts muscle and courses obliquely through the posterior _____ wall

A

bladder

112
Q

the ureter enters the bladder at the ____ inferior angle

A

posterior

113
Q

the ____ is a thin walled, fibromuscular tube that passes from the anterior part of the urniary bladder to the outside of the body to drain urine from the body

A

urethra

114
Q

the urethra has two sphincters _____ ( acts involuntary ) and ____ ( act voluntary) they both control urine passageway from the bladder

A

internal
external

115
Q

the females urethra is about ____cm

A

4cm

115
Q

the urethra is controlled by ____ and _____ sphincters

A

internal
external

115
Q

the male urethra is about _____ cm

A

20cm

116
Q

the male urethera is divided into 3 segments
_____ urethra
______ urethra
______ urethra

A

prostatic
membranous
penile

117
Q

adrenal glands is surrounded by ____ ___ and embedded in ____

A

gerotas fascia
fat

117
Q

the adrenal glands is also called ______ glands

A

suprarenal

118
Q

adrenal glands are two triangular shaped ______ glands

A

endocrine

119
Q

the adrenal glands are at an _____ ____ aspect of kidneys

A

anterosuperior

120
Q

the adrenal glands are at the level of the ____th thoracic vertebra

A

12th

121
Q

the adrenal glands are located in the _____

A

retroperitoneum

121
Q

the two portions of the adrenal glands are the adrenal _____ and the adrenal _____

A

cortex
medulla

122
Q

the adrenal _____ is the outer portion of the gland

A

cortex

122
Q

the adrenal _____ makes up 80% of gland

A

cortex

123
Q

the adrenal _____ is the central portion of gland

A

medulla

124
Q

the hormones secreted by the adrenal glands are
- adrenaline
- __________
- aldosterone
- __________

A

noradrenalin
cortisol

125
Q

the renal cortex appears _____ low lever echoes, ____ to liver

A

homogeneous
hypo echoic

126
Q

the renal pyramids appear _____ shaped, echo _____,
surounds _____

A

triangular
poor
sinus

127
Q

the renal sinus is highly _____ central area

A

echogenic

128
Q

the kidneys have _____ contour

A

smooth

129
Q

kidneys in a longitudinal section the normal adult kidney appear as a ______, _____ contoured eliptical structure

A

heterogenous
smooth

130
Q

the renal capsule appears _____, continuous, it is _____ to the adjacent renal cortex

A

thin
hyper echoic

131
Q

the renal cortex appears as _____ grey level slightly less than the liber

A

mid

132
Q

renal medulla appears triangular _____, separated from the cortex by arcuate arteries

A

anechoic

133
Q

renal sinus is ____ compared to the liver texture because it contains fat and lymphatic vessels

A

echogenic

134
Q

some pitfalls in imaging the kidneys is that ____ axis may not be fully appreciated

A

long

135
Q

some pitfalls in imaging the kidneys is that bowel gas may obscure the ____ or _____ poles

A

upper
lower

136
Q

some pitfalls in imaging the kidneys is that a prominent renal ____ may be mistaken for a cyst or fluid collection

A

vein

137
Q

some pitfalls in imaging the kidneys is that hypertrophied column of ____ may simulate pseudo mass

A

bertin

137
Q

pitfalls in imaging the kidneys is that _____ hump may simulate pseudo mass

A

dromedary

138
Q

the right kidney is ___ to the liver

A

posterior

139
Q

left kidney is ____ to the spleen

A

posterior

140
Q

the renal capsule appears _____ surrounding the kidney

A

echogenic

141
Q

the cortex is _____ with hypo echoic to the liver/ spleen

A

homogenous

142
Q

medullary pyramids are cone or triangle shaped and are _____ / _____

A

hypo echoic
anechoic

143
Q

the renal sinus will appear as an oval highly ____ structure in the center of the kidney

A

echogenic

144
Q

some renal variants ( NUMBER) are
- ______ renal agenisis ( fatal)
- ______ renal Agenisis ( check pelvis and other side )
- ________ kidney ( duplicated kidney )

A

bilateral
unilateral
supernumerary

144
Q

_____ renal agensis is not compatible with life

A

bilateral

145
Q

______ renal agenisis cause compensatory enlargement of the present kidney

A

unilateral

146
Q

some renal variants ( LOCATION)
- _____ _____ ( in pelvis )
-______ ______ renal _____ ( on same side and fused )
- ______ _____ ( in thorax due to diaphragmatic hernia in utero )

A

pelvic kidney
crossed fused renal ectopia
thoracic kidney

147
Q

_____ ectopic kidney is when both kidneys are found in the same side of the body

A

crossed

148
Q

ectopic kidney most common is ____ kidney

A

pelvic

149
Q

some renal variants (FUSION) are
- ______ kidney ( most common , usually fused at lower poles)
- ____/____ kidney ( variant horseshoe kidney fusion of medial surface of kidneys, in pelvis )
- _____ kidney ( shaped like S , upper pole of one kidney is fused to lower pole of the other )

A

horseshoe
cake/lump
sigmoid

150
Q

the most common congenital anomaly in the kidneys is ____ kidney

A

horseshoe

151
Q

horseshoe is twice as common in ___ than it is in ____

A

men
women

152
Q

with horseshoe kidney the right and left kidneys are joined through ____ pole just ____ to the aorta

A

inferior
anterior

153
Q

some renal variants (HYPOPLASTIC) are
- ______ hypoplasia
- _____ _____ lobulation

A

unilateral hypoplasia
persistent fetal lobulation

154
Q

____ _____ is when one kidney is small and the other is larger to compensate

A

unilateral hypoplasia

155
Q

____ ____ ____ is lobulation in contour after age 5

A

persistent fetal lobulation

156
Q

some renal variants (SHAPE) are
- ____ ____ of Bertin
- _____hump
- _____ _____ defect

A

hypertrophied column
dromedary
junctional parenchymal

157
Q

____ ____ of ____ are prominent conical tissue

A

hypertrophied column of Bertin

158
Q

____ ___ is a bulge in capsule of left kidney due to compression by spleen

A

dromedary hump

159
Q

_____ ____ ____ is a triangular or linear echogenic structure in the anterosuperior or poserioinferior surface of the kidney

A

junctional parenchymal defect

160
Q

_____ ____ of _____ is incomplete fusion of the fetal lobes causes increase in renal tissue between renal pyramids. it has same echogenecity as cortex

A

hypertrophied column of bertin

161
Q

____ ____ ____ is partial fusion at the junction of 2 embryonic ranunculi

A

junctional parenchymal defect

162
Q

junctional parenchymal defect appears as an ____ ___

A

echogenic line

163
Q

renal ____ is excessive fat within renal sinus

A

lipomatosis

164
Q

renal lipomatosis can be ____

A

acquired

165
Q

____ ____ system is a renal variant ( hypoplastic )

A

double collecting

166
Q

____ ____ ___ involves 2 collecting systems

A

double collecting system

167
Q

double collecting system can be ____or ____

A

complete
incomplete

168
Q

double collecting system has an ___ and _____ sinus area

A

upper
lower

169
Q

____ ____ ____ is a more common anomaly

A

double collecting system

170
Q

a duplicated collecting system contains 2 _____,
one drain ____ pole and one drain _____ pole

A

ureters
upper
lower

171
Q

duplicated collecting system can be _____ which is when both urethras emerge and enter bladder as one

A

incomplete

172
Q

duplicated ureters can be _____ which is when each ureter enter the bladder separately, the one draining the inferior pole will enter the bladder just lateral to the tigon causing urinary reflux, the on draining the upper pole can cause ureterocele

A

complete

173
Q

______ is a cyst like enlargement of the lower end of the ureter

A

Ureterocele

174
Q

uretericele is caused by congenital or acquired ____ of the distal end of the ureter

A

stenosis

175
Q

Ectopic ureteroceles are _____ are usually associated with complete ureteral duplication

A

rare

176
Q

bladder _____ is an out pouch of herniation of the bladder wall

A

diverticula

177
Q

bladder diverticula can be ____ or ____

A

congenital
acquired

178
Q

_______ ( hunch) diverticulum occur when ureter inserted at a weak point of the bladder wall

A

parauretral

179
Q

bladder diverticula sonographically appears as a _____ cyst mass with a narrow area communicating with _____, post voiding the urine may ____ empty

A

anechoic
bladder
not

180
Q

____ formation can be identified within the diverticulum

A

stone

Abdomen (9 decks)

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