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Bio 104 A&P 2 > Urinary System Chapt. 24 > Flashcards

Urinary System Chapt. 24 Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary system

A

(organs of excretion) composed of a pair of kidneys and urinary tract

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2
Q

Kidneys

A

filter blood to remove metabolic waste products

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3
Q

Kidney fluid is modify resulting fluid for following purposes:

A

🔸️Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
🔸️Acid-base and blood pressure homeostasis

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4
Q

Urinary tract is composed of?

A

a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, and a single
urethra

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5
Q

The follow of Urine

A

Urine exits kidneys through ureters found on posterior body wall
Each ureter empties into urinary bladder on floor of pelvic cavity where urine is stored
Urine exits from urinary bladder through Urethra; allows urine to exit body

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6
Q

Kidneys are site where urinary system regulates homeostatic processes: (7 function)

A

🔸️Filter blood to remove metabolic wastes
🔸️Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
🔸️Regulate blood PH
🔸️Influence blood pressure
🔸️Releasing hormone erythropoietin (EPO)
🔸️Detoxifying substances in blood
🔸️Vitamin D (calcitriol-absorption ca)

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7
Q

Kidneys structure and location

A

Kidneys look like beans in both shape and color
Both kidneys are found outside and posterior to peritoneal membrane (retroperitoneal)
Right kidney is found in a slightly inferior position due to liver
Left kidney is positioned between T12-L3 using vertebral column as reference

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8
Q

Protection for kidneys

A

11th and 12th ribs provide some protection for both kidneys

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9
Q

Adrenal gland (Location)

A

component of endocrine system; found on superior pole of each kidney

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10
Q

Kidneys Three external layers of CT from deep to superficial:

A
  1. Renal capsule
  2. Adipose capsule
  3. Renal fascia
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11
Q

Kindneys 3 external layers of CT: Renal capsule

A

thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue; covers
exterior of each kidney

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12
Q

Kindneys 3 external layers of CT: Adipose capsule

A

protects from physical trauma

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13
Q

Kindneys 3 external layers of CT: Renal fascia

A

dense irregular CT; anchors each kidney to peritoneum
and musculature of posterior abdominal wall

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14
Q

Hilum

A

opening on medial surface of kidney where renal artery, vein, nerves, and ureters enter and exit

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15
Q

What makes up urine-forming portion of kidney?

A

Renal cortex and the renal medulla

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16
Q

Renal cortex

A

90-95% of all kidney’s blood vessels are found in renal cortex

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17
Q

Renal columns

A

extensions of renal cortex; pass through renal medulla toward renal pelvis

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18
Q

Over one million nephrons are found within…

A

Renal cortex and Renal medulla of each kidney

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19
Q

Renal corpuscle found in…

A

renal cortex

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20
Q

Renal tubule found mostly in…

A

Renal cortex with some tubules dipping into Renal medulla

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21
Q

Cone-shaped renal pyramids are found within

A

renal medulla separated by renal columns on either side

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22
Q

Each renal pyramid tapers into a slender papilla followed by

A

minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter

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23
Q

What type of muscle is within walls of the calyces and renal pelvis that contract and propel urine towards ureter?

A

Smooth muscle tissue

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24
Q

Nephrons have 2 structures that are?

A

Renal corpuscle and Renal tubule

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25
Q

renal arteries are branches of?

A

abdominal aorta

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26
Q

Blood flow through the kidneys
(13 steps)

A

1- renal artery
2-segmental artery
3- interlobar artery
4- Arcuate Artery
5- interlobular (cortical radiate artery)
6-afferent arteriole
7-glomerulus
8- efferent arteriole
9-peritubular
10- interlobular veins
11- arcuate veins
12- interlobar vein
13- renal vein

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27
Q

Kidney contains unusual capillary bed system where

A

arterioles both feed and drain capillaries; normally function of a venule

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28
Q

glomerulus

A

1st capillary bed
1st Part of filtration takes place

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29
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

2nd capillary bed,
(Around the tubules)

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30
Q

Venous blood exits kidney

A

parallel to arterial pathway

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31
Q

Renal vein

A

exits kidney from hilum to drain into inferior vena cava

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32
Q
A
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33
Q

Nephron are considered a?

A

Functional unit of the kidneys

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34
Q

What does the Renal corpuscle do?

A

-filters blood

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35
Q

Glomerulus is a group of

A

looping fenestrated capillaries coverd by podocytes

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36
Q

Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) consists of…

A

outer parietal layer (simple squamous epithelium) & inner visceral layer (podocytes)

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37
Q

Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) is made out of what cells?

A

lined with simple squamous epithlial cells

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38
Q

Capsular space is a…

A

hollow region between parietal (glomerular capsule) and visceral layers (Glomerulus)

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39
Q

Renal corpuscle is made of?

A

Glomerulus (inside)
Glomerular capsule (the outside)

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40
Q

Renal tubule: Proximal tubule (pct)

A

-Reabsorption and Secretion
Large quantity of ions, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and phosphate; vital to electrolyte homeostasis
Almost 100% of nutrients including glucose, amino acids, water-soluble vitamins, and lactic acid

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41
Q

Renal tubule: Nephron loop
(descending limb, ascending limb)

A

Dips into Renal medulla (reabsorption)

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42
Q

Distal tubule (dct)

A

Reabsorption & Secretion

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43
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

composed of both macula densa and juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

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44
Q

Macula densa

A

Is a group of cells in contact with modified smooth muscle cells (juxtaglomerular (JG) cells)

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45
Q

JGA regulates…

A

blood pressure (BP) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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46
Q

when BP too low, JG cells release…

A

Renin
RAAS activated->
->increased BP

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47
Q

Collecting system -

A

both medullary collecting duct (cd) and papillary duct that further modify filtrate before it exits kidney

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48
Q

cortical cd leads too

A

medullary cd→
papillary duct

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49
Q

Once filtrate enters papillary duct it is known as

A

urine, not filtrate

50
Q

Urine exits papillary duct at papilla of renal pyramid into a

A

minor calyx

51
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons make up about 80% of nephrons in kidneys
Renal corpuscles are found in outer renal cortex; have short nephron loops that barely enter renal medulla

53
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • much less common than cortical nephrons
    Renal corpuscles are found near boundary between renal cortex and medulla; have long nephron loops that travel deep within renal medulla
54
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

🔸️Selectively based on size so Cells and Large proteins are not filtered and remain in the circulating blood
🔸️Smaller substances exit blood to enter capsular space as filtrate
Filtration
🔸️Glomerulus-> BowMan’s Capsule

55
Q

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

A

Reabsorbing substances such as water, glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes from tubular fluid to return them into circulating blood
Reabsorption Tubules -> Blood

56
Q

TUBULAR SECRETION

A

Substances are added into filtrate from peritubular capillaries

Helps maintain electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis; removes toxins from blood that did not enter tubular fluid by filtration
Secretion Blood -> Tubules

57
Q

Fenestrated glomerular capillary: Fenestrations

A

are large pores
Water and small dissolved solutes pass through filtration membrane easily

58
Q

Fenestrated glomerular capillary: Nitrogenous wastes

A

group of small substances that are readily filtered; include:
o Urea and ammonium ions (NH4+) from protein metabolism
оCreatinine-waste product of muscle metabolism
оUric acid-product of nucleic acid metabolism

59
Q

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE
(Definition)

A

The amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute is known as glomerular filtration rate (GFR); 125 ml/min (180 liters / day )

60
Q

Net filtration pressure at glomerulus is determined by three driving forces:

A
  1. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
  2. Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP)
  3. Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
61
Q
  1. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)-
A

blood pressure; higher than average capillary bed hydrostatic pressure

62
Q
  1. Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP)
A

-created mostly by albumin; pulls water back into glomerular capillaries

63
Q
  1. Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)-
A

generated as capsular space rapidly fills with new filtrate (10 mm Hg) as fluid can only move so quickly into renal tubule which opposes filtration

64
Q

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is combination of these three forces (formula)

A

NFP=GHP-(GCOP + CHP)
10 = 50 (30 + 10)
NFP favors filtration as GHP is greater than sum of forces that oppose filtration (GCOP+CHP)

65
Q

Autoregulation -

A

internal kidney mechanisms that work to maintain Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

66
Q

Myogenic

A

mechanism constriction of smooth muscle in blood vessel walls in response to increases in BP

67
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback -

A

uses macula densa of distal renal tubule to control pressure in glomerulus in response to NaCl concentration of filtrate

68
Q

(RAAS)

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
🔸️complex system that maintains systemic BP

69
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A
  • hormone released by heart cells in atria in response to increasing fluid volume; lowers blood volume and BP to reduce workload of the heart

ANP increases GFR by dilating afferent arterioles and constricting efferent arterioles; increases glomerular hydrostatic pressure

70
Q

Neural regulation of GFR primarily involves…

A

Sympathetic divison of ANS

71
Q

renal failure

A

GFR decreases, kidneys may be unable to carry out their vital functions

72
Q

Renal failure may be a short-term condition known as…

A

acute renal failure or acute kidney injury

73
Q

Uremia

A

-condition that can develop when GFR is less than 50% of normal; leads to buildup of waste products, fluid, electrolytes, as well as acid- base imbalances, all of which can lead to coma, seizures, and death if untreated

74
Q

Dialysis

A

can be used to treat the signs and symptoms of uremia

75
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

substances pass from filtrate into interstitial fluid then into peritubular capillaries to re-enter blood
In tubular secretion, substances move in opposite direction

76
Q

Tubular secretion -

A

substances move from blood into interstitial fluid then
into tubule with filtrate
Secretion is an active process

78
Q

Facultative water reabsorption

A
  • water is reabsorbed based on body’s needs
79
Q

Aldosterone

A

-from adrenal cortex; increases reabsorption of sodium ions from filtrate and secretion of potassium ions into filtrate

80
Q

Antidiuretic (ADH) -

A

From hypothalamus and secreted by posterior pituitary; causes water reabsorption; reduces urine output

81
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) -

A

stimulates urinary excretion of sodium ions while it also inhibits release of both aldosterone and ADH

82
Q

Medullary collecting system -

A

last chance for regulation of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance before filtrate becomes urine

83
Q

PRODUCTION OF DILUTEURINE

A

Kidneys produce dilute urine when solute concentration of extracellular fluid is too low

84
Q

What 3 things can cause urine to be dilute?

A

-Less ADH [Antidiuretic Hormone]
-Distal tubule and collecting duct become impermeable to water
- More water, less solutes in blood-> dilute urine

85
Q

Kidneys effectively conserve water by producing very concentrated urine using two mechanisms:

A

🔸️Release of ADH [Antidiuretic Hormone]
🔸️Countercurrent mechanism

86
Q

Countercurrent mechanism

A

creates and maintains osmotic gradient by exchanging materials in opposite directions between filtrate and interstitial fluids

87
Q

Countercurrent multiplier proceeds in following steps:

A

🔸️NaCl is actively transported from ascending limb filtrate into interstitial fluid
🔸️Hypertonic fluid then pulls water out of filtrate in descending limb into
interstitial fluid

88
Q

URINE COMPOSITION & URINALYSIS

A

🔸️water [H20]
🔸️Sodium [Na]
🔸️Potassium [K]
🔸️Chloride
🔸️Hydrogen ion [H]
🔸️Phosphates
🔸️Sulfates
🔸️Metabolic wastes such as urea, creatinine, ammonia, and uric acid
🔸️Small amounts of bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium may be present

89
Q

Urine color

A

🔸️Urochrome; breakdown product of hemoglobin
🔸️Darker urine is more concentrated; has less water
🔸️Lighter urine is less concentrated; has more water

91
Q

Urine color should be…

A

Translucent

92
Q

Urine smell

A

Mild odor; strong odor may be caused by diseases, infections, or by ingesting certain foods

93
Q

Urine pH and weight

A

Normal pH (6.0); ranges from 4.5-8.0
Specific gravity 1.001 (very dilute) to 1.035 (very concentrated)

94
Q

Renal clearance:

A

Measurement of rate at which kidneys remove a substance from blood

For a substance to provide an accurate measure of renal clearance and GFR, substance should be completely filtered and neither reabsorbed nor secreted

96
Q

Renal clearance:Creatinine

A

not totally accurate (5-50% in urine arrived via secretion, not filtration)

97
Q

Renal clearance:inulin

A

More accurate assessment of GFR can be obtained using inulin; neither secreted or absorbed; must be injected

98
Q

ANATOMY OF THE URINARY TRACT

A

Urinary tract consists of two ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

99
Q

Ureter is how long and empties into?

A

Ureter is 25-30 cm long and empties into bladder

100
Q

Layers of the Ureters from superficial to deep

A
  1. Adventitia
  2. Mascularis
  3. Mucosa
101
Q

Layers of the Ureters: Adventitia

A

most superficial layer; made of fibrous connective tissue

102
Q

Layers of the Ureters: Mascularis

A

middle layer; made of smooth muscle cells that contract rhythmically (peristalsis) to propel urine toward urinary bladder

103
Q

Layers of the Ureters: Mucosa

A

deepest layer; mucous membrane composed of transitional epithelium

104
Q

Urinary bladder

A

hollow, distensible organ found on pelvic cavity floor

105
Q

Urinary bladder shape is called

106
Q

Urinary bladder: Trigone

A

triangular region on bladder floor; openings of two ureters
are found at each posterior corner

107
Q

Urinary bladder: Bladder wall tissue from superficial to deep

A
  1. Adventitia
  2. Detrusor muscle
  3. Mucosa
108
Q

Urinary bladder: Bladder wall tissue: Adventitia

A

most superficial layer; made of areolar connective tissue

109
Q

Urinary bladder: Bladder wall tissue: Detrusor muscle

A

middle layer; squeeze bladder; (internal urethral sphincter) is found at opening of urethra (all made of smooth muscle)

110
Q

Urinary bladder: Bladder wall tissue: Mucosa

A

innermost layer; made of transitional epithelium

111
Q

Urethra

A

-drains urine from urinary bladder to outside of body; walls are similar to ureters

112
Q

Urethra: An external urethral sphincter is formed by

A

levator ani muscle

113
Q

Urethra: levator ani muscle

A

skeletal muscle of pelvic floor; allows for voluntary control of urination

114
Q

Female urethra

A

about four cm in length; opens at external urethral orifice between vagina and clitoris

115
Q

Male urethra

A

about 20 cm, consists of three regions:

116
Q

Male urethra 3 regions

A
  1. Prostatic urethra
  2. Membranous urethra
  3. Spongy (penile) urethra
117
Q

Micturition

A

Urination; discharge of urine from urinary bladder to outside of body

118
Q

Micturition reflex

A

Reflex arc mediated by parasympathetic nervous system when urine fills bladder and stretches walls

119
Q

Micturition reflex: Stretch receptors

A

Send a signal to sacral region of the spinal cord via sensory afferent fibers

120
Q

Micturition reflex:Parasympathetic

A

efferent fibers stimulate detrusor muscle to contract and internal urethral sphincter to relax; allows for micturition

121
Q

Micturition center

A

Found in pons (CNS); given time and training makes micturition a voluntary process

Bio 104 A&P 2 (7 decks)

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