Digestive System Chap.22 Flashcards
1
Q
Digestive system
( Definition)
A
Breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the bloodstream and deliver to body cells in usable form.
2
Q
GI stand for?
A
Gastrointestinal track
3
Q
Alimentary canal
What does it consist of? (6things)
A
🔸️Oral cavity (mouth)
🔸️Pharynx
🔸️Esophagus
🔸️Stomach
🔸️Small intestine
🔸️Large intestine
4
Q
Accessory organs
(Definition)
A
Located around alimentary canal and assistant in digestion
5
Q
Accessory organs
(Consist of? 6things)
A
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
6
Q
Digestive function main process
( Six processes are?)
A
Ingestion
secretion
propulsion
digestion
absorption
defecation
7
Q
Ingestion
( Definition)
A
Bring food and water into mouth
8
Q
Secretion
( Definition)
A
Mucus, enzymes, acid, And hormones
9
Q
Propulsion
( Definition)
A
Peristalsis
Pushing of food through organs
10
Q
Digestion happens by….
(2 ways ur body digest food)
A
Mechanical and chemical
11
Q
Absorption
(Definition)
A
Through wall of aliementary canal into blood or lymph
12
Q
Defecation
( Definition)
A
Eliminate waste product
13
Q
Mobility is…
A
A key process in every region of alimentary canal
14
Q
What is skeletal muscle in the alimentary canal?
(4 things)
A
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Superior esophagus
Last portion of large intestine
15
Q
Is two types of mixing & churning propulsion are…
A
Nervous ANS (autonomic nervous system)
Endocrine
16
Q
Nervous ANS consist of 2 systems. What are they?
A
SNS (sympathetic nervous system) inhibits
PSN (parasympathetic nervous system) stimulates
17
Q
Endocrine is…
A
Secrestion of hormones that stimulate or inhibit
18
Q
Lumen
( Definition)
A
Concentric layers of tissues surrounding a space
19
Q
Lumen Has 4 layers.
What are they?
A
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa / adventitia
20
Q
Musco of the Lumen is made of…
(3 things)
A
Epithelium (simple columnar/ stratified squamous)
Lamina propria (connective tissue)
Muscularis mucosae (SMC smooth muscle cells)
21
Q
Submucosa is…
A
Dense irregular connective tissue with blood vessels and submucosal glands
Submucosal plexus
22
Q
Muscularis externa is…
A
🔸️Inner circular SMC
🔸️Outer longitudinal SMC
🔸️Myenteric
23
Q
Serosa is…
A
🔸️Loose Connective tissue 🔸️Simple Squamous epithelium
24
Q
Submucosal plexus
What does it do?
A
Regulates secretions
25
Myenteric plexus
What does it do?
Regulates motility
26
Serosa is...
Visceral peritoneum
Within peritoneal cavity
Simple Squamous Epithelium and loose connective tissues
27
Adventitia is...
Outside peritoneal cavity
Dense irregular connective tissue
28
Mensenteries
(Definition)
Folds of visceral peritoneum between loops of intestines.
29
Greater Omentum
Fatty apron that hangs from base of stomach (greater curvature)
30
Lesser Omentum
Attaches the Lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
31
Oral cavity
( Accessory organs)
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
32
Bolus
( What is it?)
A ball made of saliva and chewed food
33
Structure of oral cavity
( 6 things)
Cheecks (buccinator muscle)
Lips
Vestibule
Gums (gingiva)
Palate (hard and soft palate)
Uvula
34
Hard Palate is made of?
Maxilla and palatine bone
35
Soft Palate is made of?
Skeletal muscle
36
Uvula does?
Prevents food from entering the nasal cavity.
37
Mastication
(Definition)
Chewing that increases are surface area of food
38
Tooth structure
Crown and Root
39
Crown is located and made out of...
Located above the gum line and made of enamel and Dentin
40
Root is located and made out of...
Located below, the gum line is made of pulp (blood vessels and nerves)
41
The tongue is made of...
Skeletal muscle
Stratified Squamous epithlial
42
Lingual frenulum is?
Attaches tongue to floor of oral cavity
43
Papillae is?
Name 2 types of papillae
Bumps on the surface of the tongue
Filiform and taste buds
44
The Salivary glands are... (3 glands)
🔸️Parotid gland
🔸️Submandibular
🔸️Sublingual
45
Parotid gland
(Location & Function)
Located over masseter muscle
Produces enzymes and water
46
Submandibular gland
(Location & Function)
Along mandible
Produces mucus and enzymes
47
Sublingual gland
(Location & Function)
Inferior to tongue
Produces mainly mucus and some enzymes
48
Salivary amylase
An enzyme that initiates CHO digestion
49
Lysozyme
Enzyme that kills bacteria
50
IgA is
Antibody that destroys pathogens
51
Bicarbonate
Neutralizes acid
52
Pharynx
(Definition)
Passage way for 2 systems respiratory and digestion
53
The 3 areas of the Pharynx are?
Nasopharynx (nose)
Oropharynx (mouth)
Laryngopharnx (throat)
54
Function of Pharynx
Deglutition passes bolus through into esophagus
55
The Pharynx is surrounded by what 3 skeletal muscles?
Skeletal muscle called upper, middle, and lower pharyngeal constrictor muscles
56
Tonsils
(Definition)
Defense the body from pathogens that have entered nasal or oral cavities
57
There are 3 types of tonsils.
What are they?
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils
58
Palatine tonsils
(Location)
Posterior oral cavity on either side of tongue.
59
Lingual tonsils
(Location)
Located under base of tongue
60
Pharyngeal tonsils
(Location)
Located on posterior wall of nasopharynx
61
Esophagus
(Function)
To transport bolus from Pharynx to stomach and prevent acid reflux
62
Esophagus
(Function)
🔸️To transport bolus from Pharynx to stomach
🔸️propulsion
🔸️mucus secretion
63
Esophagus
Is made of?
🔸️Mucosa :Stratified Squamous non keratinized epithelium
🔸️Superior:Skeletal muscle
🔸️Middle: Skeletal & Smooth
🔸️Inferior: Smooth muscle cells
64
Gastroesophageal sphincter
What does it do?
Known as the LES (lower esophageal sphincter)
Regulate passage of bolus into stomach and prevent reflux
65
Esophageal hiatus
Is opening in diaphragm
66
Swallowing/ Deglutition
(Function)
Propulsion, that pushes bolus of food from oral cavity through Pharynx and a esophagus to stomach
67
Swallowing/ Deglutition
What are the 3 phases?
Voluntary phase
Pharyngeal phase
Esophageal phase
68
The stomach has 5 regions.
What are they?
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric antrum
Pylorus
Rugae
69
The Cardia of the stomach (function)
Receives bolus when LES ( Lower esophagus sphincter) relaxes
70
The Fundus of the stomach is
Upper left domed-shape
71
The Body of the stomach is
Largest section
72
The pyloric antrum of the stomach
Is the inferior portion of the stomach
73
The pylorus of the stomach
Connect the duodenum via pyloric sphincter
74
The Rugae of the stomach
Is the folds found in undistended stomach
75
Greater curvature
Convex left side (bottom of stomach)
76
Lesser curvature
Concave right side ( Upper side stomach)
77
Chyme
Mixture of bolus and stomach secretion
78
Goblet cells
Secrete a thick mucus
79
Gastric glands
Found at base of gastric pits
80
Gastric juice
An enzyme containing fluid that contains endocrine cells that secrete hormones and acidic
81
The stomach has 4 main cell types. What are they ?
Enteroendocrine cells
Chief cells
Parietal cells
Muscous neck cells
82
Enteroendocrine cells
(Stomach)
Also known as G cells, secrete hormone gastrin that simulates secretions
83
Chief cells
Create the hormone pepsinogen
84
Pepsinogen (hormone)
Pre cursor to enzyme pepsin , which begins protein digestion
85
Parietal cells
Create hydrochloric acid (HCl)
86
Muscous neck cells
(Stomach)
Secrets acidic mucus
87
Intrinsic factor (IF)
is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells in the stomach lining. It plays a crucial role in the absorption of vitamin B12 and the formation of RBC
88
Phases of gastric secretions
(3 phases)
Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase
89
Cephalic phase
Triggered by sight, smell, taste, or thought of food.
PSN Triggers gastric juice secretion
90
Gastric phase
Triggered by food and stomach.
Gastrin released
Gastric juice secreted
91
Intestinal phase
Triggered by food moving into small intestine
Intestinal gastrin released => Secretion of gastric juice
92
Small intestine
What does it do?
Secretion, digestion, absorption, and propulsion
93
3 regions of the small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
94
Duodenum
First region of the small intestine
Major duodenal papilla - Receives secretion from gallbladder and pancreas
Duodenal glands => alkaline mucus
95
Jejunum
Middle region of small intestine
Most chemical digestion and absorption
96
Ileum
Last region of small intestine
Ends at ileocecal valve
Intraperitoneal
97
Intraperitoneal
the administration of substances directly into the peritoneal cavity, the space between the peritoneum and the abdominal organs.
98
Structure of the small intestine
(3 Structures)
Circular folds (plicae circulares)
Villi
Microvilli (brush border)
99
Circular folds (plicae circulares)
( Small intestine)
Mucosa and submucosa of small intestine
Slow transition of chyme to give enterocytes more time to absorb nutrients
100
Villi
Layer of entrocytes surrounding blood capillaries and lymphatic vessels (lacteal)
101
Microvilli (brush border)
modification of plasma membrane of enterocytes
102
The types of movements of the small intestine
Peristalsis
Segmentation (mechanical digestion)
103
Large Intestine
🔸️Receives material from small intestine that are not digested or absorbed
🔸️secretion of mucus, proportion, and defication
🔸️Absorbs water and electrolytes
104
Large intestine anatomy
(4 parts)
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anus
105
Cecum
Veriform appendix contains lymphatic nodules
106
Colon (4 parts)
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
107
Rectum
Has rectal valves are horizontal folds that hold feces in
108
Anal canal
🔸️Internal anal sphincter (PSN)
🔸️External anal sphincter (Levator ani muscle)
109
Taeniae coli is made of...
(L.I)
3 bands of SMC
110
Haustra (L.I)
Pockets or saccules
111
Epiploic appendages
(L.I)
Fat filled pouches of serosa
112
Goblet cells do what?
(L.I)
Are Protective and lubricating mucus
113
Bacteria in large intestine
🔸️Normal flora have symbolic relationship
🔸️Product Vit.K (Clotting)
🔸️Metabolize undigested material
🔸️Deter growth of pathogen
Simulate immune health
114
2 Types of mobility of L.I.
Segmentation (churring)
Mass peristalsis
115
Defication reflex
PSN
Relaxation of internal and external anal sphincters, contraction of SMC
116
Diarrhea
Increase mobility, not having enough time to absorb water produces watery feces
117
Constipation
Mobility decreases too much water absorption and fecal material becomes hard
118
Pancreas
Both endocrine and Exocrine functions
119
Pancreas releases what hormones? (Endocrine)
Insulin (decrease BG)
Glucagon (increase BG)
120
Pancreatic juice(exocine) enzymes secreted by
Acini cells
(Produce, store, & release digestive enzyme)
121
Pancreatic juice is made out of
Bicarbonate ions
Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic lipase
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptides
Nucleases
122
Cholecystokinin (CCK) (duodenum)
Stimulates pancreatic enzymes
Inhibits gastric glands
Stim. G.B. to release bile
123
Secretin (duodenum)
Stimulates pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonte
Increases bile production in Liver
124
GIP
inhibits gastric activity
(Gastric inhibitory polypeptide)
125
Liver is covered by...
A thin CT capsule
126
4 lobes of the liver
🔸️right
🔸️left
🔸️caudate
🔸️quadrate
127
falciform ligament
🔸️separates right and left lobes of the liver
128
round ligament:
remnant of umbilical vein
129
Liver lobule
- basic unit of liver
-composed cords of hepatocytes arranged around a central vein →
hepatic v. IVC
-hepatic sinusoids drain hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery
130
Functions of liver
Hepatocytes
Nutrient metabolism
Detoxification
Excretion
131
Hepatocytes
What are they and their function?
primary functional cells of the liver and produce bile
132
Detoxification
detoxifies substances produced by body, and substances that we eat or drink
133
Excretion of the liver is...
- directly excretes bilirubin in bile, antibiotics and other
substances liver processes
134
Gallbladder
.small sac on posterior liver
.Stores and concentrates bile
.CCK triggers contraction of SMC causing release bile into cystic duct
.Cystic duct joins with common hepatic duct (Common bile duct)
135
CCK
causes contraction of G.B.
Relaxation of h-p sphincter
136
Secretin of the gallbladder
stimulates bile production
137
Salivary amylase (salivary glands)
-initiates CHO digestion in mouth
- inactivated in stomach due to low pH
138
Pancreatic amylase (exocrine pancreas)
picks up CHO digestion in duodenum
139
Lactase, maltase, sucrase (brush border enz. S.I.)
breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides
140
Lactose turns into
Lactose→ G(glucose) +galactose
141
Maltose turns into
Maltose → G(glucose) +G (glucose)
142
Sucrose into
Sucrose → G(glucose) + fructose
143
Proteins get digested into
Amino acids
144
Pepsinogen become
pepsin (req. pH 2)
145
Trypsin
(activated by brush border enz.)
- from trypsinogen (pancreas)
146
Chymotrypsin (pancreas)
147
Carboxypeptidase (pancreas)
148
Digestion & absorption of proteins
Pepsin (stomach)
Trypsin (pancreas)
Carboxypeptidase (pancreas)
Chymotrypsin (pancreas)
149
Digestion & absorption of lipids
Triglycerides
Gastric lipase (stomach)
Pancreatic lipase (pancreas)
Chylomicrons
150
Triglycerides
→ glycerol + F.A (fatty acid)
Bile salts cause emulsification of lipids
151
Digestion & absorption of nucleic acids
Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) → nucleotides
Nucleases (pancreas)
152
ABSORPTION OF WATER, ELECTROLYTES, AND VITAMINS
9 L. H2O enters S.I. each day
-2 L. of water are ingested
-7 L. secreted into alimentary canal
Of the 9 liters, about 8 liters are absorbed into enterocytes of S.I.
Most of remaining water is absorbed into enterocytes of L.I., leaving only about 0.1 liter of water to be excreted in feces
153
Enterogastric reflex
Is triggered as chyme enters duodenum, declining pH (more acidic) and presence of lipids trigger
154
Enterogastric reflex
(What happens? 5 things)
🔸️Emptying function
🔸️Liquids move rapidly
🔸️Solids must be converted to a nearly liquid state before entering S.I.
🔸️High lipid chyme delays gastric emptying
🔸️Duodenum needs to process incoming chyme (mix with HCO3 and H₂O)
155
Uvula
Prevents food from entering nasal cavity
156
Lips are made out of...
🔸️Orbicularis oris muscle
🔸️Stratified Squamous keratinized epithlium
157
Esophagus is located
Posterior to trachea
