Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio 104 A&P 2 > Digestive System Chap.22 > Flashcards

Digestive System Chap.22 Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive system
( Definition)

A

Breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the bloodstream and deliver to body cells in usable form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

GI stand for?

A

Gastrointestinal track

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Alimentary canal
What does it consist of? (6things)

A

🔸️Oral cavity (mouth)
🔸️Pharynx
🔸️Esophagus
🔸️Stomach
🔸️Small intestine
🔸️Large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Accessory organs
(Definition)

A

Located around alimentary canal and assistant in digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Accessory organs
(Consist of? 6things)

A

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Digestive function main process
( Six processes are?)

A

Ingestion
secretion
propulsion
digestion
absorption
defecation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ingestion
( Definition)

A

Bring food and water into mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Secretion
( Definition)

A

Mucus, enzymes, acid, And hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Propulsion
( Definition)

A

Peristalsis
Pushing of food through organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Digestion happens by….
(2 ways ur body digest food)

A

Mechanical and chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Absorption
(Definition)

A

Through wall of aliementary canal into blood or lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Defecation
( Definition)

A

Eliminate waste product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mobility is…

A

A key process in every region of alimentary canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is skeletal muscle in the alimentary canal?
(4 things)

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Superior esophagus
Last portion of large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is two types of mixing & churning propulsion are…

A

Nervous ANS (autonomic nervous system)
Endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nervous ANS consist of 2 systems. What are they?

A

SNS (sympathetic nervous system) inhibits
PSN (parasympathetic nervous system) stimulates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Endocrine is…

A

Secrestion of hormones that stimulate or inhibit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lumen
( Definition)

A

Concentric layers of tissues surrounding a space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lumen Has 4 layers.
What are they?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa / adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Musco of the Lumen is made of…
(3 things)

A

Epithelium (simple columnar/ stratified squamous)
Lamina propria (connective tissue)
Muscularis mucosae (SMC smooth muscle cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Submucosa is…

A

Dense irregular connective tissue with blood vessels and submucosal glands
Submucosal plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Muscularis externa is…

A

🔸️Inner circular SMC
🔸️Outer longitudinal SMC
🔸️Myenteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Serosa is…

A

🔸️Loose Connective tissue 🔸️Simple Squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Submucosal plexus
What does it do?

A

Regulates secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Myenteric plexus
What does it do?

A

Regulates motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Serosa is…

A

Visceral peritoneum
Within peritoneal cavity
Simple Squamous Epithelium and loose connective tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Adventitia is…

A

Outside peritoneal cavity
Dense irregular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mensenteries
(Definition)

A

Folds of visceral peritoneum between loops of intestines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Greater Omentum

A

Fatty apron that hangs from base of stomach (greater curvature)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

Attaches the Lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Oral cavity
( Accessory organs)

A

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Bolus
( What is it?)

A

A ball made of saliva and chewed food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Structure of oral cavity
( 6 things)

A

Cheecks (buccinator muscle)
Lips
Vestibule
Gums (gingiva)
Palate (hard and soft palate)
Uvula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Hard Palate is made of?

A

Maxilla and palatine bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Soft Palate is made of?

A

Skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Uvula does?

A

Prevents food from entering the nasal cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Mastication
(Definition)

A

Chewing that increases are surface area of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Tooth structure

A

Crown and Root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Crown is located and made out of…

A

Located above the gum line and made of enamel and Dentin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Root is located and made out of…

A

Located below, the gum line is made of pulp (blood vessels and nerves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The tongue is made of…

A

Skeletal muscle
Stratified Squamous epithlial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Lingual frenulum is?

A

Attaches tongue to floor of oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Papillae is?
Name 2 types of papillae

A

Bumps on the surface of the tongue
Filiform and taste buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The Salivary glands are… (3 glands)

A

🔸️Parotid gland
🔸️Submandibular
🔸️Sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Parotid gland
(Location & Function)

A

Located over masseter muscle
Produces enzymes and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Submandibular gland
(Location & Function)

A

Along mandible
Produces mucus and enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Sublingual gland
(Location & Function)

A

Inferior to tongue
Produces mainly mucus and some enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Salivary amylase

A

An enzyme that initiates CHO digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzyme that kills bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

IgA is

A

Antibody that destroys pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Bicarbonate

A

Neutralizes acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Pharynx
(Definition)

A

Passage way for 2 systems respiratory and digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

The 3 areas of the Pharynx are?

A

Nasopharynx (nose)
Oropharynx (mouth)
Laryngopharnx (throat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Function of Pharynx

A

Deglutition passes bolus through into esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The Pharynx is surrounded by what 3 skeletal muscles?

A

Skeletal muscle called upper, middle, and lower pharyngeal constrictor muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Tonsils
(Definition)

A

Defense the body from pathogens that have entered nasal or oral cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

There are 3 types of tonsils.
What are they?

A

Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Palatine tonsils
(Location)

A

Posterior oral cavity on either side of tongue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Lingual tonsils
(Location)

A

Located under base of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils
(Location)

A

Located on posterior wall of nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Esophagus
(Function)

A

To transport bolus from Pharynx to stomach and prevent acid reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Esophagus
(Function)

A

🔸️To transport bolus from Pharynx to stomach
🔸️propulsion
🔸️mucus secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Esophagus
Is made of?

A

🔸️Mucosa :Stratified Squamous non keratinized epithelium
🔸️Superior:Skeletal muscle
🔸️Middle: Skeletal & Smooth
🔸️Inferior: Smooth muscle cells

64
Q

Gastroesophageal sphincter
What does it do?

A

Known as the LES (lower esophageal sphincter)
Regulate passage of bolus into stomach and prevent reflux

65
Q

Esophageal hiatus

A

Is opening in diaphragm

66
Q

Swallowing/ Deglutition
(Function)

A

Propulsion, that pushes bolus of food from oral cavity through Pharynx and a esophagus to stomach

67
Q

Swallowing/ Deglutition
What are the 3 phases?

A

Voluntary phase
Pharyngeal phase
Esophageal phase

68
Q

The stomach has 5 regions.
What are they?

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric antrum
Pylorus
Rugae

69
Q

The Cardia of the stomach (function)

A

Receives bolus when LES ( Lower esophagus sphincter) relaxes

70
Q

The Fundus of the stomach is

A

Upper left domed-shape

71
Q

The Body of the stomach is

A

Largest section

72
Q

The pyloric antrum of the stomach

A

Is the inferior portion of the stomach

73
Q

The pylorus of the stomach

A

Connect the duodenum via pyloric sphincter

74
Q

The Rugae of the stomach

A

Is the folds found in undistended stomach

75
Q

Greater curvature

A

Convex left side (bottom of stomach)

76
Q

Lesser curvature

A

Concave right side ( Upper side stomach)

77
Q

Chyme

A

Mixture of bolus and stomach secretion

78
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete a thick mucus

79
Q

Gastric glands

A

Found at base of gastric pits

80
Q

Gastric juice

A

An enzyme containing fluid that contains endocrine cells that secrete hormones and acidic

81
Q

The stomach has 4 main cell types. What are they ?

A

Enteroendocrine cells
Chief cells
Parietal cells
Muscous neck cells

82
Q

Enteroendocrine cells
(Stomach)

A

Also known as G cells, secrete hormone gastrin that simulates secretions

83
Q

Chief cells

A

Create the hormone pepsinogen

84
Q

Pepsinogen (hormone)

A

Pre cursor to enzyme pepsin , which begins protein digestion

85
Q

Parietal cells

A

Create hydrochloric acid (HCl)

86
Q

Muscous neck cells
(Stomach)

A

Secrets acidic mucus

87
Q

Intrinsic factor (IF)

A

is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells in the stomach lining. It plays a crucial role in the absorption of vitamin B12 and the formation of RBC

88
Q

Phases of gastric secretions
(3 phases)

A

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

89
Q

Cephalic phase

A

Triggered by sight, smell, taste, or thought of food.
PSN Triggers gastric juice secretion

90
Q

Gastric phase

A

Triggered by food and stomach.
Gastrin released
Gastric juice secreted

91
Q

Intestinal phase

A

Triggered by food moving into small intestine
Intestinal gastrin released => Secretion of gastric juice

92
Q

Small intestine
What does it do?

A

Secretion, digestion, absorption, and propulsion

93
Q

3 regions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

94
Q

Duodenum

A

First region of the small intestine
Major duodenal papilla - Receives secretion from gallbladder and pancreas
Duodenal glands => alkaline mucus

95
Q

Jejunum

A

Middle region of small intestine
Most chemical digestion and absorption

96
Q

Ileum

A

Last region of small intestine
Ends at ileocecal valve
Intraperitoneal

97
Q

Intraperitoneal

A

the administration of substances directly into the peritoneal cavity, the space between the peritoneum and the abdominal organs.

98
Q

Structure of the small intestine
(3 Structures)

A

Circular folds (plicae circulares)
Villi
Microvilli (brush border)

99
Q

Circular folds (plicae circulares)
( Small intestine)

A

Mucosa and submucosa of small intestine
Slow transition of chyme to give enterocytes more time to absorb nutrients

100
Q

Villi

A

Layer of entrocytes surrounding blood capillaries and lymphatic vessels (lacteal)

101
Q

Microvilli (brush border)

A

modification of plasma membrane of enterocytes

102
Q

The types of movements of the small intestine

A

Peristalsis
Segmentation (mechanical digestion)

103
Q

Large Intestine

A

🔸️Receives material from small intestine that are not digested or absorbed
🔸️secretion of mucus, proportion, and defication
🔸️Absorbs water and electrolytes

104
Q

Large intestine anatomy
(4 parts)

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anus

105
Q

Cecum

A

Veriform appendix contains lymphatic nodules

106
Q

Colon (4 parts)

A

Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

107
Q

Rectum

A

Has rectal valves are horizontal folds that hold feces in

108
Q

Anal canal

A

🔸️Internal anal sphincter (PSN)
🔸️External anal sphincter (Levator ani muscle)

109
Q

Taeniae coli is made of…
(L.I)

A

3 bands of SMC

110
Q

Haustra (L.I)

A

Pockets or saccules

111
Q

Epiploic appendages
(L.I)

A

Fat filled pouches of serosa

112
Q

Goblet cells do what?
(L.I)

A

Are Protective and lubricating mucus

113
Q

Bacteria in large intestine

A

🔸️Normal flora have symbolic relationship
🔸️Product Vit.K (Clotting)
🔸️Metabolize undigested material
🔸️Deter growth of pathogen
Simulate immune health

114
Q

2 Types of mobility of L.I.

A

Segmentation (churring)
Mass peristalsis

115
Q

Defication reflex

A

PSN
Relaxation of internal and external anal sphincters, contraction of SMC

116
Q

Diarrhea

A

Increase mobility, not having enough time to absorb water produces watery feces

117
Q

Constipation

A

Mobility decreases too much water absorption and fecal material becomes hard

118
Q

Pancreas

A

Both endocrine and Exocrine functions

119
Q

Pancreas releases what hormones? (Endocrine)

A

Insulin (decrease BG)
Glucagon (increase BG)

120
Q

Pancreatic juice(exocine) enzymes secreted by

A

Acini cells
(Produce, store, & release digestive enzyme)

121
Q

Pancreatic juice is made out of

A

Bicarbonate ions
Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic lipase
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptides
Nucleases

122
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) (duodenum)

A

Stimulates pancreatic enzymes
Inhibits gastric glands
Stim. G.B. to release bile

123
Q

Secretin (duodenum)

A

Stimulates pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonte
Increases bile production in Liver

124
Q

GIP

A

inhibits gastric activity
(Gastric inhibitory polypeptide)

125
Q

Liver is covered by…

A

A thin CT capsule

126
Q

4 lobes of the liver

A

🔸️right
🔸️left
🔸️caudate
🔸️quadrate

127
Q

falciform ligament

A

🔸️separates right and left lobes of the liver

128
Q

round ligament:

A

remnant of umbilical vein

129
Q

Liver lobule

A
  • basic unit of liver
    -composed cords of hepatocytes arranged around a central vein →
    hepatic v. IVC
    -hepatic sinusoids drain hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery
130
Q

Functions of liver

A

Hepatocytes
Nutrient metabolism
Detoxification
Excretion

131
Q

Hepatocytes
What are they and their function?

A

primary functional cells of the liver and produce bile

132
Q

Detoxification

A

detoxifies substances produced by body, and substances that we eat or drink

133
Q

Excretion of the liver is…

A
  • directly excretes bilirubin in bile, antibiotics and other
    substances liver processes
134
Q

Gallbladder

A

.small sac on posterior liver
.Stores and concentrates bile
.CCK triggers contraction of SMC causing release bile into cystic duct
.Cystic duct joins with common hepatic duct (Common bile duct)

135
Q

CCK

A

causes contraction of G.B.
Relaxation of h-p sphincter

136
Q

Secretin of the gallbladder

A

stimulates bile production

137
Q

Salivary amylase (salivary glands)

A

-initiates CHO digestion in mouth
- inactivated in stomach due to low pH

138
Q

Pancreatic amylase (exocrine pancreas)

A

picks up CHO digestion in duodenum

139
Q

Lactase, maltase, sucrase (brush border enz. S.I.)

A

breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides

140
Q

Lactose turns into

A

Lactose→ G(glucose) +galactose

141
Q

Maltose turns into

A

Maltose → G(glucose) +G (glucose)

142
Q

Sucrose into

A

Sucrose → G(glucose) + fructose

143
Q

Proteins get digested into

A

Amino acids

144
Q

Pepsinogen become

A

pepsin (req. pH 2)

145
Q

Trypsin

A

(activated by brush border enz.)
- from trypsinogen (pancreas)

146
Q

Chymotrypsin (pancreas)

147
Q

Carboxypeptidase (pancreas)

148
Q

Digestion & absorption of proteins

A

Pepsin (stomach)
Trypsin (pancreas)
Carboxypeptidase (pancreas)
Chymotrypsin (pancreas)

149
Q

Digestion & absorption of lipids

A

Triglycerides
Gastric lipase (stomach)
Pancreatic lipase (pancreas)
Chylomicrons

150
Q

Triglycerides

A

→ glycerol + F.A (fatty acid)
Bile salts cause emulsification of lipids

151
Q

Digestion & absorption of nucleic acids

A

Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) → nucleotides
Nucleases (pancreas)

152
Q

ABSORPTION OF WATER, ELECTROLYTES, AND VITAMINS

A

9 L. H2O enters S.I. each day
-2 L. of water are ingested
-7 L. secreted into alimentary canal
Of the 9 liters, about 8 liters are absorbed into enterocytes of S.I.
Most of remaining water is absorbed into enterocytes of L.I., leaving only about 0.1 liter of water to be excreted in feces

153
Q

Enterogastric reflex

A

Is triggered as chyme enters duodenum, declining pH (more acidic) and presence of lipids trigger

154
Q

Enterogastric reflex
(What happens? 5 things)

A

🔸️Emptying function
🔸️Liquids move rapidly
🔸️Solids must be converted to a nearly liquid state before entering S.I.
🔸️High lipid chyme delays gastric emptying
🔸️Duodenum needs to process incoming chyme (mix with HCO3 and H₂O)

155
Q

Uvula

A

Prevents food from entering nasal cavity

156
Q

Lips are made out of…

A

🔸️Orbicularis oris muscle
🔸️Stratified Squamous keratinized epithlium

157
Q

Esophagus is located

A

Posterior to trachea

Bio 104 A&P 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions