Cardiovascular system Pt. 3 Flashcards
Blood is made of?
5 L. of fluid CT
8% TBW
comprised of plasma & formed elements
Plasma
-liquid ECM of blood
Formed elements
(Definition and 3 things)
Cells & Cell Fragments suspended in plasma
🔸️RBCs (Erythrocytes)
🔸️WBC (Leukocytes)
🔸️Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Erythrocytes what are they also known as?
also known as red blood cells (RBCs)
Leukocytes what are they ?
also known as white blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets
What are they and what are they also known as ?
small cellular fragments (thrombocytes)
Centrifuged blood sample is composed of 3 layers, what are they?
- Top layer-plasma 55% of total volume
Middle layer - leukocytes and platelets (buffy coat) ~1% of total volume
Bottom layer - erythrocytes 44%
hematocrit
% of RBCs in blood
Functions of the blood
(7 functions)
🔸️Exchanging gases
🔸️Distributing Solutes
🔸️Immune functions
🔸️Maintaining body temperature
🔸️Blood clotting platelets
🔸️Acid-Base balance
🔸️BP: determined by blood vol.
Functions of the blood:
Exchanging gases
O2 and CO2
Functions of the blood:
Distributing Solutes
- transports ions, nutrients, hormones, and wastes, and regulating [ions]
Functions of the blood:
Immune functions
both leukocytes and immune system proteins are transported in blood
Functions of the blood:
Acid-Base balance
7.35-7.45 pH
Plasma is made up of?
🔸️Pale yellow liquid
🔸️90% water, determining viscosity
🔸️plasma proteins (9% of plasma vol.)
🔸️Other Solutes: glucose, a.a., gases, wastes
plasma proteins are?
🔸️Albumins (COP)
🔸️Immune & Transport (Gamma globulins, lipoproteins)
🔸️Clotting (Fibrinogen)
Erythrocyte (RBC) How many are there in the body?
5 million cells/μL
Erythrocyte (RBC) structure:
-biconcave disc
- anucleated, more space for O2-binding
Hemoglobin (Hb) structure:
2 alpha (a) chains and 2 beta (b) chains
heme group
iron-containing compound
oxyhemoglobin (Hbo₂)
Fe ion in each heme group is oxidized when it binds to oxygen
Hemoglobin what does it do?
- Releases oxygen into tissues where oxygen conc. is low
-also makes blood red
Life span of an erythrocyte:
100-120 days
Hematopoiesis
- process in red bone marrow where formed elements in blood are produced by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCS)
Erythropoiesis produces what? From what? And how many days?
erythrocytes from HSCS
takes 5-7 days
Regulation of Erythropoiesis
(6 parts)
🔸️erythropoietin(EPO)
🔸️Stimulus
🔸️Receptor
🔸️Control center
🔸️Effector/Response
🔸️Homeostasis
Regulation of Erythropoiesis
erythropoietin (EPO)
triggers neg. feedback - maintains hematocrit within normal
Regulation of Erythropoiesis:
Stimulus
Blood levels of oxygen fall below normal
Regulation of Erythropoiesis:
Receptor
Kidney cells detect falling oxygen levels
Regulation of Erythropoiesis:
Control center:
Kidneys produce more EPO
Regulation of Erythropoiesis:
Effector/Response:
RBC production increases
Regulation of Erythropoiesis:
Homeostasis
Blood lvls of oxygen rise to normal
Erythrocyte destruction:
- Erythrocytes trapped in sinusoids of spleen
- Spleen macrophages digest erythrocytes
- Hemoglobin is broken down into a.a, Fe, and (biliverdin→)bilirubin
Bilirubin goes to?
Fe and a.a. recycled to?
4a. Liver for excretion
4b. → Hb in red bone marrow
Anemia
Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
Anemia cause:
decreased Hb, decreased Hct, and abnormal Hb
Anemia symptoms:
pallor, weakness, fatigue, incr. HR
Anemia types:
Iron-deficiencyanemia(decr.Hb)
Pernicious anemia (decr. Hct)
SCA (abnormal Hb)
Sickle-cell trait
Individuals with single copy of defective gene, generally asymptomatic
sickle-cell disease
Individuals with two defective copies of gene
hemoglobin S (HbS)
produce abnormal hemoglobin
When oxygen levels are low, RBCs containing HbS change into a sickle shape; leads to…
erythrocyte destruction in small blood vessels and a reduction in circulating erythrocytes
Leukocytes (WBCs)
5,000-10,000 cells/μL
- larger than erythrocytes
-nucleated
-use blood-stream as transportation only
Two types of Leukocytes:
Granulocytes: contain plasmic granules
Agranulocytes: lack visible granules
What are the 3 types of granulocytes?
Neutrophil 60-70%
Eosinophils <4%
Basophils <1%
Granulocytes:
Neutrophils (PMNs)
- (60 - 70%)
- most numerous leukocyte
- phagocytosis
- nucleus composed of 3-5 lobes
Eosinophils
<4%
-bilobed nucleus
- Phagocytes that ingest foreign molecules
- Respond to parasitic infections and allergic rxn.
- Granules contain enz. specific to parasites
Basophils
-least numerous leukocyte
- S-shaped nucleus
- Chemicals in granules mediate inflammation
What are the 2 types of Agranulocytes?
Monocytes and Lymphocytes
Agranulocytes:
Lymphocytes
-20-25%
-2nd most common leukocyte
-contain large, spherical nuclei
B lymphocytes (B cells)
• when activated, produce antibodies
T lymphocytes (T cells)
What do they do?
•Directly Kill abnormal cells (virus infected, cancer cells)
Monocytes
-3-8%
-largest leukocyte
- large U-shaped nuclei
-Some mature into macrophages
Macrophages
phagocytic cells that ingest dead and dying cells,bacteria, antigens, and other cellular debris
Leukopoiesis
- formation of WBCs from hematopoietic stem cells
(HSCs)
Leukopoiesis:
Myeloid cell line
produces most formed elements (RBCS, monocytes, and platelets)
Leukopoiesis:
Lymphoid cell line
produces lymphoblasts, committed to becoming B and
T lymphocytes
- B cells in bone marrow
- T cells in thymus
Platelets (4 things more to know)
-small cell fragments of megakaryocyte
- involved in hemostasis
(stops blood loss from an injured blood vessel)
- several types of granules: contain clotting factors, enzymes
- Lifespan: 7- 10 days
-150,000-450,000 platelets/μL
Hemostasis
-forms blood clot to plug broken vessel
- to limit significant blood loss
Steps of Hemostasis
- Part 1: Vascular Spasm
- Part 2: Platelet Plug Formation
- Part 3: Coagulation (Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway)
- Part 4: Clot Retraction
- Part 5: Thrombolysis
Blood clotting is positive or negative feedback loop?
Positive feedback loop
Clotting Disorders
- Bleeding disorders: Hemophilias
- Hypercoagulable conditions:
thrombus formation/thromboembolism
Bleeding disorders: Hemophilias
lack of clotting protein
Hypercoagulable conditions:
thrombus formation/thromboembolism
DVT (deep vein thrombosis) PE pulmonary embolism
Immune System
Defends body against internal & external threats
The lymphatic system works with the immune system
Lymphatic system
group of organs and tissues that work with the immune system
- functions in fluid homeostasis
Lymphatic system
main components:
- Lymphatic vessels: blind-ended tubes
- Lymphatic tissue and organs: tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, & thymus
Lymphatic system functions:
- Regulation of interstitial fluid volume
- Absorption of dietary fats
- Immune functions
Lymphatic system function:
Regulation of interstitial fluid volume
- return excess fluid lost from plasma to CV system
Lymphatic system function:
Absorption of dietary fats
breakdown products of fats in diet that are too large to pass into blood cap. (absorbed into lacteal)
Lymphatic system function:
Immune functions
filter pathogens from lymph and blood
Lymphatic vessels
(Definition)
- low-pressure circuit because no main pump to drive lymph through vessels, and most of them are transporting lymph against gravity also have valves to prevent backflow
LYMPHOID TISSUES AND ORGANS
Mucosa- Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
- Tonsils (palatine, pharyngeal, lingual)
- Peyer’s patches (aggregated lymphoid nodules)
- Appendix
-Lymph nodes
-Thymus
-Spleen
Gamma globulin
proteins found in the blood plasma that play a crucial role in the immune system. primarily composed of antibodies.
Lipoproteins
are spherical particles composed of proteins and lipids (fats) that transport cholesterol, triglycerides, and other lipids throughout the bloodstream
Fibrinogen
A proteins that is converted into fibrin, which forms a mesh-like network that traps blood cells and platelets, creating a clot to stop bleeding.
Albumin (COP)
is a protein in blood plasma. It plays crucial roles in maintaining blood volume, transporting substances, and regulating osmotic pressure.
Carbamino hemoglobin
-Binds to CO2 → where oxygen levels low
