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Bio 104 A&P 2 > Cardiovascular system Pt. 3 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Pt. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is made of?

A

5 L. of fluid CT
8% TBW
comprised of plasma & formed elements

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2
Q

Plasma

A

-liquid ECM of blood

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3
Q

Formed elements
(Definition and 3 things)

A

Cells & Cell Fragments suspended in plasma
🔸️RBCs (Erythrocytes)
🔸️WBC (Leukocytes)
🔸️Platelets (Thrombocytes)

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4
Q

Erythrocytes what are they also known as?

A

also known as red blood cells (RBCs)

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5
Q

Leukocytes what are they ?

A

also known as white blood cells (WBCs)

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6
Q

Platelets
What are they and what are they also known as ?

A

small cellular fragments (thrombocytes)

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7
Q

Centrifuged blood sample is composed of 3 layers, what are they?

A
  • Top layer-plasma 55% of total volume
    Middle layer - leukocytes and platelets (buffy coat) ~1% of total volume
    Bottom layer - erythrocytes 44%
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8
Q

hematocrit

A

% of RBCs in blood

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9
Q

Functions of the blood
(7 functions)

A

🔸️Exchanging gases
🔸️Distributing Solutes
🔸️Immune functions
🔸️Maintaining body temperature
🔸️Blood clotting platelets
🔸️Acid-Base balance
🔸️BP: determined by blood vol.

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10
Q

Functions of the blood:
Exchanging gases

A

O2 and CO2

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11
Q

Functions of the blood:
Distributing Solutes

A
  • transports ions, nutrients, hormones, and wastes, and regulating [ions]
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12
Q

Functions of the blood:
Immune functions

A

both leukocytes and immune system proteins are transported in blood

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13
Q

Functions of the blood:
Acid-Base balance

A

7.35-7.45 pH

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14
Q

Plasma is made up of?

A

🔸️Pale yellow liquid
🔸️90% water, determining viscosity
🔸️plasma proteins (9% of plasma vol.)
🔸️Other Solutes: glucose, a.a., gases, wastes

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15
Q

plasma proteins are?

A

🔸️Albumins (COP)
🔸️Immune & Transport (Gamma globulins, lipoproteins)
🔸️Clotting (Fibrinogen)

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16
Q

Erythrocyte (RBC) How many are there in the body?

A

5 million cells/μL

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17
Q

Erythrocyte (RBC) structure:

A

-biconcave disc
- anucleated, more space for O2-binding

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18
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb) structure:

A

2 alpha (a) chains and 2 beta (b) chains

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19
Q

heme group

A

iron-containing compound

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20
Q

oxyhemoglobin (Hbo₂)

A

Fe ion in each heme group is oxidized when it binds to oxygen

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21
Q

Hemoglobin what does it do?

A
  • Releases oxygen into tissues where oxygen conc. is low
    -also makes blood red
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22
Q

Life span of an erythrocyte:

A

100-120 days

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23
Q

Hematopoiesis

A
  • process in red bone marrow where formed elements in blood are produced by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCS)
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24
Q

Erythropoiesis produces what? From what? And how many days?

A

erythrocytes from HSCS
takes 5-7 days

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25
Regulation of Erythropoiesis (6 parts)
🔸️erythropoietin(EPO) 🔸️Stimulus 🔸️Receptor 🔸️Control center 🔸️Effector/Response 🔸️Homeostasis
26
Regulation of Erythropoiesis erythropoietin (EPO)
triggers neg. feedback - maintains hematocrit within normal
27
Regulation of Erythropoiesis: Stimulus
Blood levels of oxygen fall below normal
28
Regulation of Erythropoiesis: Receptor
Kidney cells detect falling oxygen levels
29
Regulation of Erythropoiesis: Control center:
Kidneys produce more EPO
30
Regulation of Erythropoiesis: Effector/Response:
RBC production increases
31
Regulation of Erythropoiesis: Homeostasis
Blood lvls of oxygen rise to normal
32
Erythrocyte destruction:
1. Erythrocytes trapped in sinusoids of spleen 2. Spleen macrophages digest erythrocytes 3. Hemoglobin is broken down into a.a, Fe, and (biliverdin→)bilirubin
33
Bilirubin goes to? Fe and a.a. recycled to?
4a. Liver for excretion 4b. → Hb in red bone marrow
34
Anemia
Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
35
Anemia cause:
decreased Hb, decreased Hct, and abnormal Hb
36
Anemia symptoms:
pallor, weakness, fatigue, incr. HR
37
Anemia types:
Iron-deficiencyanemia(decr.Hb) Pernicious anemia (decr. Hct) SCA (abnormal Hb)
38
Sickle-cell trait
Individuals with single copy of defective gene, generally asymptomatic
39
sickle-cell disease
Individuals with two defective copies of gene
40
hemoglobin S (HbS)
produce abnormal hemoglobin
41
When oxygen levels are low, RBCs containing HbS change into a sickle shape; leads to...
erythrocyte destruction in small blood vessels and a reduction in circulating erythrocytes
42
Leukocytes (WBCs)
5,000-10,000 cells/μL - larger than erythrocytes -nucleated -use blood-stream as transportation only
43
44
Two types of Leukocytes:
Granulocytes: contain plasmic granules Agranulocytes: lack visible granules
45
What are the 3 types of granulocytes?
Neutrophil 60-70% Eosinophils <4% Basophils <1%
46
Granulocytes: Neutrophils (PMNs)
- (60 - 70%) - most numerous leukocyte - phagocytosis - nucleus composed of 3-5 lobes
47
Eosinophils
<4% -bilobed nucleus - Phagocytes that ingest foreign molecules - Respond to parasitic infections and allergic rxn. - Granules contain enz. specific to parasites
48
Basophils
-least numerous leukocyte - S-shaped nucleus - Chemicals in granules mediate inflammation
49
What are the 2 types of Agranulocytes?
Monocytes and Lymphocytes
50
Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes
-20-25% -2nd most common leukocyte -contain large, spherical nuclei
51
B lymphocytes (B cells)
• when activated, produce antibodies
52
T lymphocytes (T cells) What do they do?
•Directly Kill abnormal cells (virus infected, cancer cells)
53
Monocytes
-3-8% -largest leukocyte - large U-shaped nuclei -Some mature into macrophages
54
Macrophages
phagocytic cells that ingest dead and dying cells,bacteria, antigens, and other cellular debris
55
Leukopoiesis
- formation of WBCs from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
56
Leukopoiesis: Myeloid cell line
produces most formed elements (RBCS, monocytes, and platelets)
57
Leukopoiesis: Lymphoid cell line
produces lymphoblasts, committed to becoming B and T lymphocytes - B cells in bone marrow - T cells in thymus
58
Platelets (4 things more to know)
-small cell fragments of megakaryocyte - involved in hemostasis (stops blood loss from an injured blood vessel) - several types of granules: contain clotting factors, enzymes - Lifespan: 7- 10 days -150,000-450,000 platelets/μL
59
Hemostasis
-forms blood clot to plug broken vessel - to limit significant blood loss
60
Steps of Hemostasis
- Part 1: Vascular Spasm - Part 2: Platelet Plug Formation - Part 3: Coagulation (Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway) - Part 4: Clot Retraction - Part 5: Thrombolysis
61
Blood clotting is positive or negative feedback loop?
Positive feedback loop
62
Clotting Disorders
1. Bleeding disorders: Hemophilias 2. Hypercoagulable conditions: thrombus formation/thromboembolism
63
Bleeding disorders: Hemophilias
lack of clotting protein
64
Hypercoagulable conditions: thrombus formation/thromboembolism
DVT (deep vein thrombosis) PE pulmonary embolism
65
Immune System
Defends body against internal & external threats The lymphatic system works with the immune system
66
Lymphatic system
group of organs and tissues that work with the immune system - functions in fluid homeostasis
67
Lymphatic system main components:
- Lymphatic vessels: blind-ended tubes - Lymphatic tissue and organs: tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, & thymus
68
Lymphatic system functions:
1. Regulation of interstitial fluid volume 2. Absorption of dietary fats 3. Immune functions
69
Lymphatic system function: Regulation of interstitial fluid volume
- return excess fluid lost from plasma to CV system
70
Lymphatic system function: Absorption of dietary fats
breakdown products of fats in diet that are too large to pass into blood cap. (absorbed into lacteal)
71
Lymphatic system function: Immune functions
filter pathogens from lymph and blood
72
Lymphatic vessels (Definition)
- low-pressure circuit because no main pump to drive lymph through vessels, and most of them are transporting lymph against gravity also have valves to prevent backflow
73
LYMPHOID TISSUES AND ORGANS
Mucosa- Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT) - Tonsils (palatine, pharyngeal, lingual) - Peyer's patches (aggregated lymphoid nodules) - Appendix -Lymph nodes -Thymus -Spleen
74
Gamma globulin
proteins found in the blood plasma that play a crucial role in the immune system. primarily composed of antibodies.
75
Lipoproteins
are spherical particles composed of proteins and lipids (fats) that transport cholesterol, triglycerides, and other lipids throughout the bloodstream
76
Fibrinogen
A proteins that is converted into fibrin, which forms a mesh-like network that traps blood cells and platelets, creating a clot to stop bleeding.
77
Albumin (COP)
is a protein in blood plasma. It plays crucial roles in maintaining blood volume, transporting substances, and regulating osmotic pressure.
78
Carbamino hemoglobin
-Binds to CO2 → where oxygen levels low

Bio 104 A&P 2 (12 decks)

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