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Bio 104 A&P 2 > Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Homeostasis > Flashcards

Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Body fluids are

A

blood plasma, interstitial fluid, cytosol, CSF, lymph, and exocrine secretions

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2
Q

Fluid balance

A

maintaining volume and concentration of body’s intracellular (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)

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3
Q

Water that is gained must equal

A

water that is lost
(H2O in H2O out)

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4
Q

Multiple factors impact fluid balance including:

A

🔸️Amount ingested
🔸️Amount of physical activity
🔸️Kidney Function
🔸️Medications
🔸️Digestive activities

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5
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that dissociate into ions, or charged particles

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6
Q

Electrolytes obtained and are controlled mostly by?

A

Electrolytes obtained from diet equals those lost
Controlled mostly by hormonal mechanism

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7
Q

lon concentration is dependent on

A

number of ions and amount of water in a body fluid

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8
Q

Fluid balance is a critical factor that determines?

A

electrolyte balance

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9
Q

An acid is a

A

chemical that dissociates in water to release a Hydrogen ion

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10
Q

Hydrogen ion plays a role in:

A

digestion of food, inactivation of microbes and pathogens, and intracellular digestion in lysosomes

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11
Q

A Base or…

A

alkali, is a chemical that accepts a H+ or releases a hydroxide ion [OH-]

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12
Q

pH scale is used…

A

to measure [H+] of a solution

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13
Q

An increase in hydrogen ion concentration results in a solution with a

A

lower pH

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14
Q

Solutions with a lower hydrogen ion concentration have a

A

higher pH

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15
Q

pH less than 7 are

A

Acidic

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16
Q

pH greater than 7 are

A

Basic

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17
Q

pH of 7 are

A

Neutral

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18
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

accounts for about 60% of body’s fluids

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19
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF) is composed of a variety of body fluids that are…

A

Blood plasma and Interstitial fluid

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

Extracellular fluid: Blood Plasma

A
  • about 8% of total body water
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22
Q

Extracellular fluid: Interstitial fluid

A

about 32% of total body water

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23
Q

What solute composition is higher in ECF?

A

Sodium, chloride, calcium, and bicarbonate ions are higher in ECF

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24
Q

What solute composition is higher in cytosol

A

Potassium, magnesium, sulfate, and monohydrogen phosphate ions

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25
Factors that influence water loss
majority of water lost daily is in urine via kidneys
26
3 Factors that influence water loss:
1. Obligatory water loss 2. Sensible water loss 3. Insensible water loss
27
Obligatory water loss:
(500 ml) urine produced daily irrespective of fluid intake Required to prevent toxic buildup of molecules and electrolyte imbalances
28
Sensible water loss
usually about 100 ml in feces (noticeable amount of water lost)
29
Insensible water loss
usually 600 ml from skin in form of sweat and evaporation
30
300 ml of water lost in
expired humidified air (an unnoticed amount of daily water loss.
31
Most people lose about how much water daily?
2.5 Liters of water daily
32
Water Gains:
1. Water ingested from foods (750)ml 2. Metabolic water (250) ml 3. Drinking liquid (1500)ml
33
Water intake driven by thirst mechanism:
1. Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus 2. Decreased plasma volume that results in a BP drop detected by baroreceptors
34
Decreased plasma volume that results in a BP drop detected by baroreceptors →
Decreased plasma volume that results in a BP drop detected by baroreceptors → Stimulates juxtaglomerular cells → renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system angiotensin-II → enhance thirst Sensation
35
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
plays most important role in balancing water intake with water loss, or fluid balance
36
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) produced in where and released from?
hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary
37
Increased ADH leads to more water
reabsorption that decreases urine volume
38
Decreased ADH leads to more water
elimination that increases urine volume
39
Dehydration
decreased volume and increased concentration of ECF
40
Common causes of Dehydration include:
profuse sweating, diarrhea and/or vomiting, some endocrine conditions, and diuretic overuse
41
Water loss decreases what and increase what?
Water loss decreases plasma volume and increases solute concentration; increases osmotic pressure
42
Overhydration (hypotonic hydration)
when ECF volume increases; decreases its osmotic pressure
43
water toxicity
ADH secretion is abnormal or an extreme amount of water is consumed in a brief time period
44
Hyponatremia
Electrolyte imbalances, especially sodium ion decreases result from diluted ECF
45
Regulation of sodium ion concentration:
🔸️Angiotensin-II and aldosterone 🔸️ANP 🔸️Hypernatremia 🔸️Hyponatremia
46
Angiotensin-II and aldosterone
are two main hormones that increase Na*( sodium) retention
47
ANP
decreases Na* and water reabsorption
48
Hypernatremia
elevated Na+ concentration; greater than 145 mEq/l commonly caused by dehydration [too much salt]
49
Hyponatremia
decreased Na* concentration; less than 135 mEq/l; commonly caused by overhydration [too little salt]
50
Regulation of potassium ion concentration:
Insulin, aldosterone, and epinephrine are hormones that stimulate uptake of K+ by cells (endocrine control)
51
Excess K+ is secreted into urine and excreted from body...
Urinary control
52
Hyperkalemia is high in...
high K* in plasma
53
Hyperkalemia
Potentially fatal; resting membrane potential more positive (cells incapable of functioning)
54
Hypokalemia is low in...
low K+ in plasma
55
Hypokalemia Commonly caused by...
Commonly caused by diuretics that lead to excess K+ loss in urine RMP more negative (less responsive to stimuli)
56
Normal H* level in body fluids equals a pH range of about
7.35-7.45
57
pH is maintained by:
Respiratory and urinary system using two types of buffer systems 1. Chemical buffer systems 2. Physiological buffer systems
58
Acidosis
body fluid pH of less than 7.35 More H are added
59
Acidosis causes neurons to become
Less excitable; leads to signs and symptoms of nervous system depression
60
Alkalosis
body fluid pH greater than 7.45 more base ions are added
61
Alkalosis Increases excitability of neurons causing
them to fire APs inappropriately

Bio 104 A&P 2 (11 decks)

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