Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

physiology > urinary system (ch 24) > Flashcards

urinary system (ch 24) Flashcards

1
Q

kidney/urinary functions

A

rid waste products
water level maintenance
ion level maintenance
pH
vitamin D activation
hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nitrogen wastes from amino acids

A

deaminated amino acids
urea (formed in liver - uric acid and ammonia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

metabolic wastes

A

acids
creatinine (from muscle creatine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

toxins/drug wastes

A

created through liver conversion into water-soluble substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hormones

A

created through liver conversion into water-soluble substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

function of water in the body

A

solvent, fluid levels, BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

major ions in the body

A

Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca++, HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does the kidney maintain pH level

A

acid or base in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

vitamin D function

A

regulating and absorbing calcium ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hormonal function of kidneys

A

BP
erythropoietin for RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

anatomy overview of the urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

kidney location

A

retroperitoneal (at the back)
around the 12th rib
right lower than left due to liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

size of kidneys

A

5 x 3 x 1 inches in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hilum/hilus

A

indent of the kidney, located medially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

adrenal gland location

A

on top of kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

coverings of the kidney

A

renal capsule - dense irregular CT with shiny collagen outside
adipose capsule - perirenal fat
renal fascia - loose CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

renal cortex

A

where blood is filtered (glomerulus)
has proximal and distal convoluted tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

renal pyramids

A

cone-shaped structures - base is against cortex, apex (papilla) near renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

renal columns are found

A

between the pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

purpose of the renal pelvis

A

collecting urine formed by the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

branches of the renal pelvis/their purpose

A

minor - associated with the papilla and apex
major - where the minors come together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

flow of the renal blood supply

A

renal arteries, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arteriole, glomerular capillaries, efferent arteriole, vasa recta and tubular capillaries, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

function of the ureters

A

move urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

retroperitoneal

A

behind peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the ureters enter the bladder at

A

the base, at the trigone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

muscularis of the ureter wall consists of

A

smooth muscle (inner longitudinal layer + outer circular layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

mucosa of the ureter wall consists of

A

transitional epithelium (urothelium) and lamina propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

adventitia of the ureter wall consists of

A

collagen connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

kidney stones

A

precipitated (usually) calcium salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

function of urinary bladder

A

store urine so you can pee when you want to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

mucosa of the urinary bladder consists of

A

transitional epithelium (urothelium) and lamina propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder consists of

A

smooth muscle (3 layers - longitudinal, circular, deep longitudinal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

adventitia of the urinary bladder consists of

A

connective tissue (serosa on top of the bladder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

trigone

A

triangle at the base of the bladder formed by two ureters and one urethra, where the bladder attaches to other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

anatomy of the urethra

A

stratified epithelium (wear and tear)
two sphincters (internal - smooth muscle, external - skeletal muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

difference between male and female urethras

A

male - 8 inches, multiple parts (prostatic, membranous, spongy)
female - 1.5 inches, UTIs more common

37
Q

processes of the kidney tubule

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, concentration

38
Q

filtration

A

blood fluid into the glomerular capsule and renal tubules

39
Q

reabsorption

A

putting tubular fluid back into blood

40
Q

secretion

A

adding substances from blood to tubule fluid

41
Q

concentration

A

retaining or not retaining water in fluid (filtrate), happens in collecting duct

42
Q

microscopic parts of the kidney

A

renal corpuscle
nephron tubules
collecting duct

43
Q

glomerulus

A

part of the renal corpuscle, tuft of capillaries where fluids and solutes are filtered out
served by two vessels - afferent (in) and efferent (out) arterioles

44
Q

glomerular capsule

A

part of the renal corpuscle, collects ultrafiltrate from the blood

45
Q

nephron tubules

A

functional unit of kidney, includes glomerular capsule

46
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

in cortex, 70% of reabsorption occurs here (stuff that is filtered out and returned)

47
Q

loop of henle

A

goes into medulla (nephron loop), sets up medullary concentration gradient
descending limb - into medulla
ascending limb - out of medulla

48
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

goes back to cortex/glomerulus, forms juxtaglomerular apparatus
fine tuning of filtrate (due to hormones)

49
Q

collecting duct

A

goes through medullary concentration gradient in the pyramids
permeable or non-permeable to water because of hormone ADH

50
Q

the filtration barrier is made up of

A

capillary endothelial cells
basement membrane
capsule cells

51
Q

capillary endothelial cells

A

fenestrated (with windows) - acts to increase filtration

52
Q

basement membrane

A

connective tissue at the base of epithelial cells
negative charge
finest filtration

53
Q

capsule cells

A

aka podocytes (foot cells)
has filtration slits and slit diaphragm

54
Q

filtration forces include

A

blood (hydrostatic) pressure
blood colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure
capsular (hydrostatic) pressure

55
Q

blood pressure

A

55 mg Hg out (blood to filtrate)

56
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

30 mm Hg in (causing blood to retain fluid)
proteins in blood are not filtered

57
Q

capsular pressure

A

15 mm Hg in (blood retains fluid)

58
Q

net filtration pressure

A

10 mm Hg

59
Q

homeostasis in relation to the urinary system

A

maintaining glomerular filtration rate

60
Q

intrinsic mechanisms of homeostasis

A

myogenic reflex
vasoactive chemicals from juxtaglomerular apparatus

61
Q

myogenic reflex

A

fall in BP causes afferent arteriole to dilate, allowing more blood into the glomerulus and increasing the GFR
rise in BP causes afferent arteriole to constrict, meaning less blood and decreased GFR

62
Q

extrinsic mechanisms of homeostasis

A

sympathetic nervous stimulation
renin-angiotensin system

63
Q

what is the renin-angiotensin system stimulated by

A

a decrease in sympathetic nervous stimulation
decrease in Na+ or flow rate in distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
decrease in BP

64
Q

anatomy of the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus

A

macula densa of DCT senses Na+ levels and fluid flow in the DCT
JG (granular) cells contain renin - specialized muscle cells in the afferent arteriole

65
Q

renin

A

enzyme for hormone

66
Q

process of renin-angiotensin system

A

angiotensinogen (blood protein from the liver) gets piece cut off by renin –> angiotensin I (active but weak) gets converted by angiotensin converting enzyme to angiotensin II (active and strong)

67
Q

effects of the renin-angiotensin system

A

vasoconstriction
promotion of aldosterone release so Na+ and water are retained
(processes increase BP so GFR is back to normal)

68
Q

how much reabsorption of filtrate occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

around 70%

69
Q

function of the Na+ gradient in the PCT

A

Na+ is pumped back so mitochondria for Na+/K+ ATP pumps can increase
H2O and Cl- passively follow
used to pump glucose and amino acids back into the blood, along with other vitamins and ions

70
Q

what is secreted in the PCT

A

nitrogen waste (urea and ammonia)
drugs (aspirin, antibiotics)
acid (H+) and base (HCO3-)

71
Q

the loop of henle acts to form

A

the medullary concentration gradient

72
Q

characteristics of the descending limb of the loop of henle

A

water permeable so water diffuses out of the filtrate (osmosis)
Na+Cl- impermeable so salt and urea stay
concentration of filtrate can increase up to 4x

73
Q

characteristics of the ascending limb of the loop of henle

A

water impermeable so water stays
Na+Cl- pumped and diffuses so salt leaves filtrate
concentration of filtrate decreases down to 1/3 of normal body concentration

74
Q

vasa recta

A

“straight vessels” that take away water and salt that is diffused out - helps maintain medullary concentration gradient

75
Q

concentration of solute at the DCT

A

1/3 of normal body concentration

76
Q

what happens to filtrate at the DCT

A

fine tuned - reabsorption and secretion

77
Q

hormones that work at the DCT

A

aldosterone
atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
parathyroid hormone (PTH)

78
Q

aldosterone

A

hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex
induces Na+ (and H2O) reabsorption
causes K+ secretion

79
Q

atrial natriuretic factor

A

“atrium of heart, Na+, urine”
induces Na+ (and H2O) secretion

80
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

from parathyroid
induces Ca++ reabsorption

81
Q

collecting duct

A

tube with many nephrons connecting through it

82
Q

purpose of the collecting duct

A

concentrating and diluting urine

83
Q

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin is stimulated by

A

an increase in blood/body fluids overall osmolarity (low H2O, high solute)

84
Q

ADH is inhibited by

A

an decrease in blood/body fluids overall osmolarity (high H2O, low solute)

85
Q

ADH is made in the _____ and secreted by _____

A

hypothalamus, posterior pituitary neurohypophysis

86
Q

ADH make the collecting ducts _____

A

permeable to water

87
Q

collecting duct events (other than ADH)

A

Na+ regulation by aldosterone
urea reabsorption -stimulated by ADH
acid/base balance

88
Q

micturition reflex steps

A

urine in bladder increases stretch, leading to parasympathetic bladder contraction (spinal cord reflex - S2-S4), brainstem response (if no go, urge subsides for a while until more urine in the bladder increases stretch again)

physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions