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physiology > fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance (ch 25) > Flashcards

fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance (ch 25) Flashcards

1
Q

body water content

A

babies - 75%
females - 50%
males - 60%
elderly - <50%

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2
Q

fluid compartments

A

intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment - 2/3 body H2O
extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment - 1/3 body H2O

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3
Q

components of ECF

A

20% plasma, 80% interstitial fluid

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4
Q

nonelectrolytes

A

most are organic, not ions

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5
Q

nonelectrolyte examples

A

glucose, small amounts of proteins/lipids
inorganic - urea + creatinine

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6
Q

electrolytes

A

molecules that dissociate into ions in water to conduct electrical current

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7
Q

electrolyte examples

A

salts, acids/bases, some proteins

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8
Q

electrolytes in ECF

A

major cation: Na+
major anion: Cl-
(except plasma - higher protein, lower Cl-)

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9
Q

electrolytes in ICF

A

major cation: K+
major anion: phosphate
(more soluble proteins than in plasma)

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10
Q

largest mass of dissolved solutes

A

proteins

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11
Q

osmolarity

A

solutes/volume of H2O

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12
Q

osmolality

A

solutes/mass of solvent

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13
Q

characteristics of fluid movement among compartments

A

water moves freely along osmotic gradients
body fluid osmolality almost always equal

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14
Q

how do changes in solute concentration affect water flow

A

increase in ECF osmolality –> water leaves cells
decrease in ECF osmolality –> water enters cells

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15
Q

types of fluid movement

A

between plasma and IF across capillary walls
between IF and ICF across cell membranes

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16
Q

how do ions move

A

selectively through concentration gradients

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17
Q

water balance

A

water intake must equal water output

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18
Q

distribution of water intake (greatest to least)

A

beverages>food>metabolism

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19
Q

distribution of water output (greatest to least)

A

urine>insensitive losses (skin and lungs)>sweat>feces

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20
Q

how is body fluid osmolality maintained

A

rise (decrease in body H2O): increase in ADH and thirst
fall (increase in body H2O): decrease in thirst and ADH

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21
Q

fluid intake is governed by the ______

A

hypothalamic thirst center

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22
Q

hypothalamic osmoreceptors detect ______

A

ECF osmolality

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23
Q

inputs to stimulate thirst

A

increase in plasma osmolality
dry mouth
low blood volume/BP
angiotensin II or baroreceptor input to stimulate thirst

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24
Q

what inhibits thirst

A

relief of dry mouth
activation of stomach and intestinal stretch receptors

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25
how does ADH influence water output
an increase in body osmolality stimulates ADH, decreasing urine output
26
disorders of water balance
dehydration water intoxication edema
27
dehydration causes
increased sweat decrease fluid to drink vomiting diarrhea diuretic medication alcohol burns
28
signs and symptoms of dehydration
thirst dry mouth decreased urine output dry skin
29
results of dehydration
weight loss --> decreased BP --> confusion --> hypovolemic shock
30
causes of water intoxication
renal insufficiency rapid excess water ingestion
31
results of water intoxication
decrease in ECF osmolality --> hyponatremia --> osmosis of H2O into body cells --> swelling of cells --> cerebral swelling --> headache --> death
32
treatment of water intoxication
hypertonic saline solution via IV
33
what is edema
too much interstitial fluid, leading to tissue (not cell) swelling from fluid coming out of the blood into the ICF
34
causes of edema
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure or permeability low blood proteins blocked (or surgically removed) lymphatic vessels
35
central role of sodium
controls ECF volume and water distribution - therefore determines BP
36
which movement mechanisms are coupled to the sodium ion
gradients, glucose, amino acids
37
how is sodium balance regulated
no known receptors, so Na+ levels in blood fluids is linked to blood pressure and volume
38
how is sodium mainly reabsorbed
by the kidney/PCT
39
aldosterone causes
reabsorption of Na+ in the DCT and collecting ducts increased K+ secretion into urine
40
main trigger for aldosterone release
angiotensin II via the renin angiotensin system
41
alternative trigger for aldosterone release
elevated levels of K+
42
how long for aldosterone to take effect
slowly - hours to days
43
atrial natriuretic peptide is released by
atrial cells in response to stretch in the atria (which increases BP and venous return)
44
function of ANP
decreases hormones (ADH, renin/angiotensin II, aldosterone) increases excretion of Na+ and H2O in urine, decreasing BP
45
estrogens act like
aldosterone
46
progesterone blocks
aldosterone
47
function of glucocorticoids
increase Na+ reabsorption
48
when can glucocorticoids promote edema
when given at pharmaceutical levels to decrease inflammation
49
importance of potassium
affects RMP in neurons and muscle cells (specifically heart muscle)
50
hyperkalemia
increase in K+ ECF, leading to decreased RMP (depolarization of cell)
51
hypokalemia
decrease in K+ ECF, leading to increased RMP (hyperpolarization of cell)
52
hyperkalemia and hypokalemia lead to
disrupted electrical conduction in the heart - can result in arrythmias, arrest, or death
53
regulation of potassium balance
controlled in collecting ducts by regulating the amount of secretion into filtrate most important factor is concentration in ECF
54
adrenal cortical cells are directly sensitive to
the K+ content of ECF to cause aldosterone release
55
main storage of calcium in the body (99%)
in bones as calcium phosphate salts
56
calcium in the ECF is important for
blood clotting cell membrane signals secretion of NTs neuromuscular excitability
57
hypocalcemia leads to
increased excitability
58
hypercalcemia leads to
inhibition - can lead to arrythmias in the heart
59
calcium balance is controlled by
parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid gland
60
PTH and bones
results in overall breakdown, leading to calcium being released into the blood
61
PTH and kidneys
increases calcium reabsorption from filtrate (causes retention)
62
PTH and the small intestine
activates vitamin D, leading to Ca++ reabsorption from food
63
Cl- is a major anion in _____
ECF
64
function of chloride
helps maintain the osmotic pressure of blood and ECF
65
under normal pH conditions, 99% of Cl- is with
Na+
66
normal pH of body fluids
7.35-7.45
67
alkalosis or alkalemia
arterial pH >7.45
68
acidosis or acidemia
arterial pH < 7.35
69
most H+ is produced by
metabolism
70
phosphoric acid comes from
phosphate in H2O into ECF
71
lactic acid comes from
anaerobic respiration of glucose
72
fatty acids and ketones come from
fat metabolism
73
carbonic acid is made when
CO2 combines with water
74
acid-base balance is regulated by
chemical buffer systems (milliseconds) respiratory centers in the brain (minutes) renal mechanisms (hours to days)
75
strong acids + water
complete dissociation (H+Cl- -> H+ + Cl-)
76
weak acids + water
partial dissociation (H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3-)
77
strong bases + water
easily dissociate (Na+OH- -> Na+ + OH-)
78
weak bases + water
accept H+ slowly (Na+HCO3-)
79
chemical buffer systems are combinations of
weak acid and weak base
80
most important buffer system
bicarbonate buffer system
81
bicarbonate buffer system
mixture of carbonic acid (weak) and salts of bicarbonate (weak bases)
82
strong acid + bicarbonate buffer system
strong acid + weak base -> weak base + salt (NA+OH- + H2CO3 ->Na+HCO3- + H2O)
83
strong base + bicarbonate buffer system
strong base + weak acid -> weak base + water (HCl + NaHCO3 -> H2CO3 + NaCl)
84
phosphate buffer system
most important in urine sodium salts of dihydrogen phosphate is a weak acid sodium salts of monohydrogen phosphate is weak base
85
protein buffer system
most important inside cells and in plasma proteins can function as both a weak acid or base
86
pH and the protein buffer system
rise: carboxyl (COOH) groups weaken base when more base is added to weak acid fall: NH2 groups weaken acid when more acid is added to weak base
87
respiratory mechanism of adjusting pH
adjusting CO2 acidic - increase respiration basic - decrease respiration
88
renal mechanism of adjusting pH
peeing out acid or base reabsorbing/generating new HCO3- = H+ excretion excreting HCO3- = H+ retention excreting ammonium ion (excess acid)
89
the ammonium ion is created from
amino acid glutamate
90
causes of respiratory acidosis
hypoventilation pulmonary disease restriction drug overdose alcohol poisoning
91
causes of respiratory alkalosis
hyperventilation panic attacks high altitudes
92
indicator of respiratory acidosis or alkalosis
blood CO2
93
indicator of metabolic acidosis or alkalosis
abnormal HCO3- levels
94
metabolic acidosis
low pH and bicarbonate
95
causes of metabolic acidosis
ketosis diarrhea (loss of base) alcohol (acetic acid + ketones)
96
metabolic alkalosis
high pH and bicarbonate
97
causes of metabolic alkalosis
vomiting (loss of acid) antacid overdose

physiology (11 decks)

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