endocrine system (ch 15) Flashcards by Amara Ramirez

in the endocrine system, neurotransmitters are secreted at

the synapse

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a hormone is

a chemical messenger secreted into extracellular fluid (blood/lymph) that affects target cells at the same distance

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major endocrine organs are

pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads (ovaries/testes)

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types of hormone target cell mechanisms

water soluble, lipid soluble

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water soluble hormones cannot

get through the membrane

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receptor for water soluble hormones

located on cell membrane outer surface (G-protein), uses 2nd messenger CAMP and activates protein kinases (enzyme that adds a phosphate)

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structure of water soluble hormones

based on amino acids (contains nitrogen) - amino acids, peptides, amines

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result of adding a phosphate

proteins are turned on/off

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speed of water soluble hormones

rapid acting (seconds to minutes) - short lived

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receptor of lipid soluble hormones

located inside the cell, hormone receptor, binds to DNA in nucleus and changes protein synthesis (cell changes the proteins that are available)

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lipid soluble hormones are able to

get through the cell membrane

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structure of lipid soluble hormones

steroid (mainly carbon and hydrogen) or thyroid

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speed of lipid soluble hormones

slow acting (minutes to hours) - longer lived

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how do hormones affect their target cells

changing enzyme activity (increase/decrease enzyme - regulated chemical reaction)
secretion changes (increase/decrease)
membrane change (change in permeability or charge of the cell)
protein synthesis (increase/decrease within the cell, on the cell surface, or secreted by the cell)

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types of hormone control mechanisms

humoral control
neural control
hormonal control

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purpose of hormone control mechanisms

regulating hormone release

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humoral control refers to

levels of solutes in the blood control/are controlled by hormone

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examples of humoral control

Ca++ and parathyroid hormone
glucose and insulin

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neural control refers to

the nervous system regulating hormone release

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examples of neural control

sympathetic nervous stimulation/release of epinephrine
childbirth

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hormonal control refers to

hormones regulating hormone release (levels of hormones in blood that control other hormones)

example of hormonal control

release of thyroid hormone

hypothalamus anatomy

many nuclei (groups of somas) for releasing hormones
connects to pituitary by infundibulum

pituitary anatomy

pituitary = hypophysis (undergrowth)
adenohypophysis - anterior lobe
neurohypophysis - posterior lobe

adenohypophysis details

glandular (epithelial) tissue, develops from the roof of the mouth early, and is connected to the hypothalamus via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

run of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

hypothalamic capillaries, hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal vein, anterior pituitary capillaries

neurohypophysis details

nervous tissue, axon endings of neurons are an extension off the brain, located in the hypothalamus

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (hormones of the hypothalamus)

polypeptide hormonal/nervous pituitary

tropic hormones result in

some sort of change in the effector

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

polypeptide hormonal (GnRH) - start of puberty females - stimulates ovarian follicles (egg/estrogen), males - stimulates testes (sperm production)

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (Luteinizing Hormone)

polypeptide hormonal (GnRH) - start of puberty females - ovulation, meiosis, development of the corpus luteum (progesterone), males - testosterone production

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (Thyrotropin/Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

polypeptide hormone (TRH) thyroid - production of thyroid hormone

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone)

polypeptide hormone (CRH) adrenal cortex (outer) - production of cortisol

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (PRoLactin)

polypeptide hormone (PRH, PIH) breast - develop milk glands most common benign tumor of the pituitary

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (Growth Hormone/somatotropin)

polypeptide hormone (GHRH, GHIH), somatostatin liver mediated growth factors - stimulates skeleton/cartilage, inhibits fat in kids - dwarfism (low), giantism (high) in adults - acromegaly

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (AntiDiuretic Hormone/vasopressin)

polypeptide nervous kidney - retain H2O (decreases urine output), BVs - constrict (increase BP) lack of ADH leads to diabetes insipidis

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (Oxytocin)

polypeptide nervous - babies head, suckling, physical touch uterus - contracts, breast - expresses milk, brain - positive feelings/bonding

types of thyroid hormone and their characteristics

T4 - more secreted (can be made into T3) T3 - more active - both are assembled off tyrosine from thyroglobulin

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (Thyroid Hormone)

amine hormonal (TSH) all over - increases metabolic enzymes in kids/adults - hypothyroid (cretinism), adults - hyperthyroid (thyroiditis, graves D2), goiter

calcitonin...

...puts bone in

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (Calcitonin)

polypeptide humoral (increase in blood Ca++) osteoblasts - form bone, decreasing blood Ca++

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (ParaThyroid Hormone)

polypeptide humoral (decrease in blood Ca++) bone - breaks down, kidney - retains Ca++, activates vitamin D, intestines - absorb Ca++ (increasing blood Ca++)

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (Melatonin)

amine nervous (decrease in light exposure) brain - stimulates sleep and regulates mood SAD - Seasonal Affective Disorder

stress hormones include

catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine), mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (Catecholamines)

amine sympathetic nervous system stimulation all over sympathetic activity, brain - more awake/alert, heart - increase HR, BP, decrease GI, increase respiration pheochromocytoma - influx of epinephrine

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (Mineralocorticoids)

steroid nervous (sympathetic stimulation), humoral (increase in Na+, decrease in K+), hormonal (ACTH, angiotensin II) kidney - retain Na+, rid of K+, retain H2O, increase BP

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (Glucocorticoids)

steroid hormonal (ACTH - cyclic) all over - increase blood glucose for stress cushing's syndrome (more), addison's disease (less)

cortisol is used pharmaceutically for

anti-inflammatory steroids

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (Gonadocorticoids)

steroid hormonal (ACTH) females - androgens females - androgenital syndrome (high level)

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (Glucagon)

polypeptide humoral (fall in blood glucose) liver - makes glucose break down glycogen

chemical structure: releasing stimulus: target cells/effect: disease: (Insulin)

polypeptide humoral (rise in blood glucose) most cells of the body (not neurons) - allows glucose into cells diabetes mellitus - increases urine (type I: pancreas stops making insulin, type II: insulin receptor problem)