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physiology > endocrine system (ch 15) > Flashcards

endocrine system (ch 15) Flashcards

1
Q

in the endocrine system, neurotransmitters are secreted at

A

the synapse

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2
Q

a hormone is

A

a chemical messenger secreted into extracellular fluid (blood/lymph) that affects target cells at the same distance

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3
Q

major endocrine organs are

A

pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads (ovaries/testes)

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4
Q

types of hormone target cell mechanisms

A

water soluble, lipid soluble

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5
Q

water soluble hormones cannot

A

get through the membrane

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6
Q

receptor for water soluble hormones

A

located on cell membrane outer surface (G-protein), uses 2nd messenger CAMP and activates protein kinases (enzyme that adds a phosphate)

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7
Q

structure of water soluble hormones

A

based on amino acids (contains nitrogen) - amino acids, peptides, amines

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8
Q

result of adding a phosphate

A

proteins are turned on/off

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9
Q

speed of water soluble hormones

A

rapid acting (seconds to minutes) - short lived

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10
Q

receptor of lipid soluble hormones

A

located inside the cell, hormone receptor, binds to DNA in nucleus and changes protein synthesis (cell changes the proteins that are available)

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11
Q

lipid soluble hormones are able to

A

get through the cell membrane

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12
Q

structure of lipid soluble hormones

A

steroid (mainly carbon and hydrogen) or thyroid

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13
Q

speed of lipid soluble hormones

A

slow acting (minutes to hours) - longer lived

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14
Q

how do hormones affect their target cells

A

changing enzyme activity (increase/decrease enzyme - regulated chemical reaction)
secretion changes (increase/decrease)
membrane change (change in permeability or charge of the cell)
protein synthesis (increase/decrease within the cell, on the cell surface, or secreted by the cell)

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15
Q

types of hormone control mechanisms

A

humoral control
neural control
hormonal control

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16
Q

purpose of hormone control mechanisms

A

regulating hormone release

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17
Q

humoral control refers to

A

levels of solutes in the blood control/are controlled by hormone

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18
Q

examples of humoral control

A

Ca++ and parathyroid hormone
glucose and insulin

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19
Q

neural control refers to

A

the nervous system regulating hormone release

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20
Q

examples of neural control

A

sympathetic nervous stimulation/release of epinephrine
childbirth

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21
Q

hormonal control refers to

A

hormones regulating hormone release (levels of hormones in blood that control other hormones)

22
Q

example of hormonal control

A

release of thyroid hormone

23
Q

hypothalamus anatomy

A

many nuclei (groups of somas) for releasing hormones
connects to pituitary by infundibulum

24
Q

pituitary anatomy

A

pituitary = hypophysis (undergrowth)
adenohypophysis - anterior lobe
neurohypophysis - posterior lobe

25
Q

adenohypophysis details

A

glandular (epithelial) tissue, develops from the roof of the mouth early, and is connected to the hypothalamus via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

26
Q

run of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

hypothalamic capillaries, hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal vein, anterior pituitary capillaries

27
Q

neurohypophysis details

A

nervous tissue, axon endings of neurons are an extension off the brain, located in the hypothalamus

28
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(hormones of the hypothalamus)

A

polypeptide
hormonal/nervous
pituitary

29
Q

tropic hormones result in

A

some sort of change in the effector

30
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

A

polypeptide
hormonal (GnRH) - start of puberty
females - stimulates ovarian follicles (egg/estrogen), males - stimulates testes (sperm production)

31
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(Luteinizing Hormone)

A

polypeptide
hormonal (GnRH) - start of puberty
females - ovulation, meiosis, development of the corpus luteum (progesterone), males - testosterone production

32
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(Thyrotropin/Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

A

polypeptide
hormone (TRH)
thyroid - production of thyroid hormone

33
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone)

A

polypeptide
hormone (CRH)
adrenal cortex (outer) - production of cortisol

34
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(PRoLactin)

A

polypeptide
hormone (PRH, PIH)
breast - develop milk glands
most common benign tumor of the pituitary

35
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(Growth Hormone/somatotropin)

A

polypeptide
hormone (GHRH, GHIH), somatostatin
liver mediated growth factors - stimulates skeleton/cartilage, inhibits fat
in kids - dwarfism (low), giantism (high)
in adults - acromegaly

36
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(AntiDiuretic Hormone/vasopressin)

A

polypeptide
nervous
kidney - retain H2O (decreases urine output), BVs - constrict (increase BP)
lack of ADH leads to diabetes insipidis

37
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(Oxytocin)

A

polypeptide
nervous - babies head, suckling, physical touch
uterus - contracts, breast - expresses milk, brain - positive feelings/bonding

38
Q

types of thyroid hormone and their characteristics

A

T4 - more secreted (can be made into T3)
T3 - more active
- both are assembled off tyrosine from thyroglobulin

39
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(Thyroid Hormone)

A

amine
hormonal (TSH)
all over - increases metabolic enzymes
in kids/adults - hypothyroid (cretinism), adults - hyperthyroid (thyroiditis, graves D2), goiter

40
Q

calcitonin…

A

…puts bone in

41
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(Calcitonin)

A

polypeptide
humoral (increase in blood Ca++)
osteoblasts - form bone, decreasing blood Ca++

42
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(ParaThyroid Hormone)

A

polypeptide
humoral (decrease in blood Ca++)
bone - breaks down, kidney - retains Ca++, activates vitamin D, intestines - absorb Ca++ (increasing blood Ca++)

43
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(Melatonin)

A

amine
nervous (decrease in light exposure)
brain - stimulates sleep and regulates mood
SAD - Seasonal Affective Disorder

44
Q

stress hormones include

A

catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine), mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids

45
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(Catecholamines)

A

amine
sympathetic nervous system stimulation
all over sympathetic activity, brain - more awake/alert, heart - increase HR, BP, decrease GI, increase respiration
pheochromocytoma - influx of epinephrine

46
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(Mineralocorticoids)

A

steroid
nervous (sympathetic stimulation), humoral (increase in Na+, decrease in K+), hormonal (ACTH, angiotensin II)
kidney - retain Na+, rid of K+, retain H2O, increase BP

47
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(Glucocorticoids)

A

steroid
hormonal (ACTH - cyclic)
all over - increase blood glucose for stress
cushing’s syndrome (more), addison’s disease (less)

48
Q

cortisol is used pharmaceutically for

A

anti-inflammatory steroids

49
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(Gonadocorticoids)

A

steroid
hormonal (ACTH)
females - androgens
females - androgenital syndrome (high level)

50
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(Glucagon)

A

polypeptide
humoral (fall in blood glucose)
liver - makes glucose break down glycogen

51
Q

chemical structure:
releasing stimulus:
target cells/effect:
disease:
(Insulin)

A

polypeptide
humoral (rise in blood glucose)
most cells of the body (not neurons) - allows glucose into cells
diabetes mellitus - increases urine (type I: pancreas stops making insulin, type II: insulin receptor problem)

physiology (11 decks)

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