Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

physiology > blood (ch 16) > Flashcards

blood (ch 16) Flashcards

1
Q

makeup of blood

A

plasma (56% extracellular matrix)
formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

platelets are

A

thrombocytes (cell fragments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hematocrit is

A

packed cell volume in percentage (percent of blood volume that is RBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

healthy hematocrit levels for males and females

A

males: 45 +/- 5%
females: 42 +/- 5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

functions of blood

A

distribution
regulation
protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does blood distribute

A

O2, CO2, hormones, nutrients, wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does blood regulate

A

temperature, pH - buffers, water, sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does blood protect

A

prevents blood loss, infection, and damage through WBCs, antibodies, and immunity systems)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

blood plasma is __% water

A

90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

solutes in blood plasma include

A

nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, and inorganic ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

plasma proteins are the most _____ solute by _____

A

abundant, weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

types of plasma proteins

A

albumin (60%)
globulins (36%)
fibrinogen (4%)
all made by the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

albumin function

A

blood osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

globulins function

A

transport proteins, b cells - antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fibrinogen function

A

involved in clotting blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

erythrocytes are

A

red cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

erythrocyte structure

A

biconcave discs, anucleate to maximize surface for gas exchange
97% of volume is hemoglobin (Hb)
spectrin and intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

function of spectrin/intermediate filament protein

A

flexibility and overall shape of an erythrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

function of erythrocytes

A

carrying gasses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

types of hemoglobin

A

oxyhemoglobin (carrying O2)
deoxyhemoglobin (not carrying O2)
carbaminohemoglobin (carrying CO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

heme is

A

iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

hemoglobin structure

A

2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains, each with a heme group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

hematopoiesis is

A

blood cell formation that occurs in red marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where is red marrow found

A

central parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

steps of hematopoiesis

A

ribosomal phase (cytoplasm stains purple)
hemoglobin synthesis (purple to red)
loss of nucleus (red)
cell goes out into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

after cells lose their nucleus they are called

A

reticulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

erythropoiesis is

A

red cell formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how does tissue hypoxia relate to blood viscosity

A

they serve as a signifiers of balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

erythropoietin (EPO) is

A

a hormone from the kidney that stimulates a decrease in O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

to regulate erythropoiesis, there must be

A

adequate supplies of iron (heme) and vitamins B12/folate (important for mitosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the lifespan of an erythrocyte is ___ and starts _____

A

120 days, as a reticulocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what happens to old RBCs

A

they become fragile and stiff, tending to rupture when squeezing through small spaces in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver

33
Q

function of the liver

A

salvages iron for reuse in the body (forming new RBCs), heme is degraded to bilirubin, urobilin, bile, and fecal stercobilin

34
Q

colors related to heme breakdown

A

bilirubin - yellow
urobilin - yellow in urine
bile - green
stercobilin - brown

35
Q

anemia means

A

without/lacking blood

36
Q

types of anemia

A

blood loss (hemorrhage)
low RBC production (nutrient or marrow problem)
high RBC destruction (immune disorder, genetic disorder - sickle cell anemia)

37
Q

leukocytes are

A

white cells

38
Q

leukocytes make up __% of blood volume

A

<1%

39
Q

normal WBC count

A

5,000-10,000 cells/microliter

40
Q

WBC function

A

diapedesis: “to walk across” BV wall
phagocytosis: eating cells
chemical release: simulating inflammation/immunity

41
Q

categories of leukocytes

A

granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)

42
Q

WBCs in order from most to least common

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

43
Q

neutrophil characteristics

A

neutral dye loving
pale lilac granules
polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or polys) - many shapes in nucleus, 3-6 lobes
very phagocytic, makes pus

44
Q

function of neutrophils

A

eats bacteria

45
Q

pus is

A

a collection of dead neutrophils

46
Q

eosinophil characteristics

A

loves cosin (acid) dye
red granules
bi-lobed nucleus

47
Q

function of eosinophils

A

increase with allergies and parasitic infections

48
Q

basophil characteristics

A

basic dye
dark purple granules
bi-lobed nucleus

49
Q

function of basophils

A

contains histamine (inflammation)
functionally similar to mast cells in connective tissue

50
Q

lymphocyte characteristics

A

found in lymph organs/fluid
second most numerous WBC
large nuclei, less cytoplasm
mostly in lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils)

51
Q

function of lymphocytes

A

adaptive immunity

52
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

T lymphocytes (T cells) - 85%, develops in thymus
B lymphocytes (B cells) - 15%, develops in bone marrow

53
Q

T cell function

A

cellular immunity, directly interacts with what is being rid of

54
Q

B cell function

A

humoral immunity, makes antibodies that interact with what is being rid of

55
Q

monocyte characteristics

A

largest leukocytes
indented nucleus
fair amount of cytoplasm

56
Q

macrophages are

A

monocytes that migrate into tissue

57
Q

platelets come from

A

pieces that break off of megakaryocytes in marrow

58
Q

platelet characteristics

A

tiny
blue staining outer region
purple granules in center

59
Q

platelet functions

A

forms platelet plug when aggregated
aids in clotting process (turning plasma protein - fibrinogen into fibrin)

60
Q

hemostasis means

A

stop bleeding

61
Q

hemostasis requires

A

clotting factors and substances released by platelets and injured tissues

62
Q

steps of hemostasis

A

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation (blood clotting)

63
Q

what happens in vascular spasm

A

damaged BV results in vasoconstriction, triggering smooth muscle contraction, vessel wall injury, chemicals to be release by endothelial cells and platelets, and pain reflexes

64
Q

when is vascular spasm most effective

A

when occurring in smaller BVs

65
Q

what happens in platelet plug formation

A

damaged endothelium exposes collagen, platelets adhere to the collagen, platelets swell to become spiked and sticky, releasing chemicals (ADP, serotonin, thromboxane A2)

66
Q

what type of cycle is platelet plug formation

A

positive feedback

67
Q

function of ADP

A

causes more platelets to stick and degranulate

68
Q

function of serotonin and thromboxane A2

A

enhances vascular spasm and platelet aggregation

69
Q

what happens in coagulation

A

blood is transformed from liquid to gel, fibrin threads formed trap the RBCs and reinforce the platelet plug, series of reactions using clotting factors

70
Q

characteristics of clotting factors

A
  • numbers I - XIII
  • most are plasma proteins made by the liver
  • vitamin K is needed to synthesize four of them
71
Q

function of rat/mouse poisons

A

many are vitamin K inhibitors - causes internal bleeding due to the inability to coagulate blood

72
Q

three phases of the coagulation cascade

A

intrinsic or extrinsic pathways, (activation of factor X), prothrombin (inactive) becomes thrombin (active), fibrinogen (inactive) becomes fibrin (active) - clotting

73
Q

what is fibrinolysis

A

the breakdown of fiber (removing unneeded clots to promote healing)

74
Q

fibrinolysis steps

A

tPA with factor XII and thrombin, plasminogen (inactive) becomes plasmin (active), fibrin cuts up

75
Q

clinical relevance of tPA

A

“clot busting drug” - given to people having heart attacks and strokes

76
Q

antigens are generated by _____

A

antibodies

77
Q

what are the most important antigens in regard to blood and why

A

A, B, AB, O - antigens of ABO and Rh blood groups cause transfusion reactions

78
Q

how is blood type determined

A

physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions