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blood (ch 16) Flashcards

1
Q

makeup of blood

A

plasma (56% extracellular matrix)
formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)

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2
Q

platelets are

A

thrombocytes (cell fragments)

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3
Q

hematocrit is

A

packed cell volume in percentage (percent of blood volume that is RBCs)

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4
Q

healthy hematocrit levels for males and females

A

males: 45 +/- 5%
females: 42 +/- 5%

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5
Q

functions of blood

A

distribution
regulation
protection

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6
Q

what does blood distribute

A

O2, CO2, hormones, nutrients, wastes

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7
Q

what does blood regulate

A

temperature, pH - buffers, water, sodium

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8
Q

what does blood protect

A

prevents blood loss, infection, and damage through WBCs, antibodies, and immunity systems)

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9
Q

blood plasma is __% water

A

90

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10
Q

solutes in blood plasma include

A

nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, and inorganic ions

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11
Q

plasma proteins are the most _____ solute by _____

A

abundant, weight

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12
Q

types of plasma proteins

A

albumin (60%)
globulins (36%)
fibrinogen (4%)
all made by the liver

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13
Q

albumin function

A

blood osmotic pressure

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14
Q

globulins function

A

transport proteins, b cells - antibodies

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15
Q

fibrinogen function

A

involved in clotting blood

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16
Q

erythrocytes are

A

red cells

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17
Q

erythrocyte structure

A

biconcave discs, anucleate to maximize surface for gas exchange
97% of volume is hemoglobin (Hb)
spectrin and intermediate filaments

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18
Q

function of spectrin/intermediate filament protein

A

flexibility and overall shape of an erythrocyte

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19
Q

function of erythrocytes

A

carrying gasses

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20
Q

types of hemoglobin

A

oxyhemoglobin (carrying O2)
deoxyhemoglobin (not carrying O2)
carbaminohemoglobin (carrying CO2)

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21
Q

heme is

A

iron

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22
Q

hemoglobin structure

A

2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains, each with a heme group

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23
Q

hematopoiesis is

A

blood cell formation that occurs in red marrow

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24
Q

where is red marrow found

A

central parts of the body

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25
steps of hematopoiesis
ribosomal phase (cytoplasm stains purple) hemoglobin synthesis (purple to red) loss of nucleus (red) cell goes out into blood
26
after cells lose their nucleus they are called
reticulocytes
27
erythropoiesis is
red cell formation
28
how does tissue hypoxia relate to blood viscosity
they serve as a signifiers of balance
29
erythropoietin (EPO) is
a hormone from the kidney that stimulates a decrease in O2
30
to regulate erythropoiesis, there must be
adequate supplies of iron (heme) and vitamins B12/folate (important for mitosis)
31
the lifespan of an erythrocyte is ___ and starts _____
120 days, as a reticulocyte
32
what happens to old RBCs
they become fragile and stiff, tending to rupture when squeezing through small spaces in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver
33
function of the liver
salvages iron for reuse in the body (forming new RBCs), heme is degraded to bilirubin, urobilin, bile, and fecal stercobilin
34
colors related to heme breakdown
bilirubin - yellow urobilin - yellow in urine bile - green stercobilin - brown
35
anemia means
without/lacking blood
36
types of anemia
blood loss (hemorrhage) low RBC production (nutrient or marrow problem) high RBC destruction (immune disorder, genetic disorder - sickle cell anemia)
37
leukocytes are
white cells
38
leukocytes make up __% of blood volume
<1%
39
normal WBC count
5,000-10,000 cells/microliter
40
WBC function
diapedesis: "to walk across" BV wall phagocytosis: eating cells chemical release: simulating inflammation/immunity
41
categories of leukocytes
granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)
42
WBCs in order from most to least common
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
43
neutrophil characteristics
neutral dye loving pale lilac granules polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or polys) - many shapes in nucleus, 3-6 lobes very phagocytic, makes pus
44
function of neutrophils
eats bacteria
45
pus is
a collection of dead neutrophils
46
eosinophil characteristics
loves cosin (acid) dye red granules bi-lobed nucleus
47
function of eosinophils
increase with allergies and parasitic infections
48
basophil characteristics
basic dye dark purple granules bi-lobed nucleus
49
function of basophils
contains histamine (inflammation) functionally similar to mast cells in connective tissue
50
lymphocyte characteristics
found in lymph organs/fluid second most numerous WBC large nuclei, less cytoplasm mostly in lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils)
51
function of lymphocytes
adaptive immunity
52
types of lymphocytes
T lymphocytes (T cells) - 85%, develops in thymus B lymphocytes (B cells) - 15%, develops in bone marrow
53
T cell function
cellular immunity, directly interacts with what is being rid of
54
B cell function
humoral immunity, makes antibodies that interact with what is being rid of
55
monocyte characteristics
largest leukocytes indented nucleus fair amount of cytoplasm
56
macrophages are
monocytes that migrate into tissue
57
platelets come from
pieces that break off of megakaryocytes in marrow
58
platelet characteristics
tiny blue staining outer region purple granules in center
59
platelet functions
forms platelet plug when aggregated aids in clotting process (turning plasma protein - fibrinogen into fibrin)
60
hemostasis means
stop bleeding
61
hemostasis requires
clotting factors and substances released by platelets and injured tissues
62
steps of hemostasis
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation (blood clotting)
63
what happens in vascular spasm
damaged BV results in vasoconstriction, triggering smooth muscle contraction, vessel wall injury, chemicals to be release by endothelial cells and platelets, and pain reflexes
64
when is vascular spasm most effective
when occurring in smaller BVs
65
what happens in platelet plug formation
damaged endothelium exposes collagen, platelets adhere to the collagen, platelets swell to become spiked and sticky, releasing chemicals (ADP, serotonin, thromboxane A2)
66
what type of cycle is platelet plug formation
positive feedback
67
function of ADP
causes more platelets to stick and degranulate
68
function of serotonin and thromboxane A2
enhances vascular spasm and platelet aggregation
69
what happens in coagulation
blood is transformed from liquid to gel, fibrin threads formed trap the RBCs and reinforce the platelet plug, series of reactions using clotting factors
70
characteristics of clotting factors
- numbers I - XIII - most are plasma proteins made by the liver - vitamin K is needed to synthesize four of them
71
function of rat/mouse poisons
many are vitamin K inhibitors - causes internal bleeding due to the inability to coagulate blood
72
three phases of the coagulation cascade
intrinsic or extrinsic pathways, (activation of factor X), prothrombin (inactive) becomes thrombin (active), fibrinogen (inactive) becomes fibrin (active) - clotting
73
what is fibrinolysis
the breakdown of fiber (removing unneeded clots to promote healing)
74
fibrinolysis steps
tPA with factor XII and thrombin, plasminogen (inactive) becomes plasmin (active), fibrin cuts up
75
clinical relevance of tPA
"clot busting drug" - given to people having heart attacks and strokes
76
antigens are generated by _____
antibodies
77
what are the most important antigens in regard to blood and why
A, B, AB, O - antigens of ABO and Rh blood groups cause transfusion reactions
78
how is blood type determined

physiology (11 decks)

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