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respiratory system (ch 21) Flashcards

1
Q

respiration is

A

exchange of gases

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2
Q

ventilation is

A

breathing (air is going in/out of the lungs)

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3
Q

gas exchange involves

A

O2 and CO2

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4
Q

external respiration involves

A

the lungs (air and blood)

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5
Q

internal respiration involves

A

tissues (blood and tissues)

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6
Q

cellular respiration involves

A

cells

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7
Q

basic formula for cellular respiration

A

food + O2 —> CO2 + H2O + energy
energy is used for ADP + phosphate —> ATP

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8
Q

how are gases transported

A

blood (between tissues and lungs)

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9
Q

the nasal septum consists of

A

R and L nasal fossae, vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid

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10
Q

the vestibule of the nose is

A

“as far as the finger goes” - entryway

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11
Q

internal nares are

A

the opening to the throat

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12
Q

names of the nasal conchae and meatuses

A

superior, middle, inferior

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13
Q

the meatuses are

A

the canals below the conchae

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14
Q

the mucosa is

A

a mucous membrane

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15
Q

the mucosa is made up of

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium, loose CT, venous spaces (erectile tissue), sensory epithelium

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16
Q

the mucosa alternates what

A

breathing (parasympathetic control)

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17
Q

function of the mucosa

A

warm, moisten, and clean air

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18
Q

names of the paranasal sinuses

A

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary

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19
Q

nasopharynx is the location for

A

air

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20
Q

what does swallowing do in the nasopharynx

A

raises the soft palate, closing the nasopharynx
auditory tube connects to the middle ear, opens when swallowing

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21
Q

oropharynx is the location for

A

food, drink, and air

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22
Q

laryngopharynx is the location for

A

food, drink, and air (crossing can occur here)

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23
Q

consequences of crossing

A

choking, pneumonia

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24
Q

the upper respiratory tract consists of the

A

nose, pharynx, larynx

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25
the lower respiratory tract consists of the
trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs
26
types of hyaline cartilage
thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate
27
the laryngeal prominence is
a projection (adam's apple)
28
vocalis muscle function
adjusts vocal cords
29
function of the epiglottis
flap that protects the airway when you swallow
30
types of folds
vestibular (superior) - false vocal cord vocal (inferior) - true vocal cord
31
laryngitis is
inflammation of the vocal folds leading to thickening (lose voice if it gets too thick)
32
incomplete hyaline cartilage is
found in the trachea - U shaped rings of cartilage that open posteriorly
33
the trachealis muscle consists of
smooth muscle
34
respiratory epithelium consists of
pseudostratified ciliated
35
the trachea splits where
at the carina "keel" to form bronchi to lungs
36
the conducting zone consists of
primary bronchi, second bronchi, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchiole
37
the respiratory zone consists of
respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli, lungs
38
primary bronchi characteristics
right is shorter, wider, more vertical
39
accidentally inhaled objects usually go where
the right bronchiole
40
secondary bronchi characteristics
3 to the right, 2 to the left
41
tertiary bronchi characteristics
smallest segments of lobes
42
terminal bronchiole characteristics
marks end of conducting zone
43
respiratory bronchiole characteristics
thin walls allow for gas exchange
44
alveolar duct characteristics
no smooth muscle
45
alveoli characteristics
main place for exchange majority of lung volume tennis court size surface area, bubble sacs simple squamous epithelium
46
pleural membrane consists of
parietal pleura (lines chest wall), pleural fluid (in between), and visceral pleura (covers lung surface)
47
pleuritis is
inflammation of the pleural membrane - rubs and stretches against itself
48
lobes of the lungs
3 right (superior, middle, inferior) and 2 left (superior and inferior)
49
cardiac notch is
the indent for the heart in the left lung
50
apex vs base of lung
top vs bottom
51
pulmonary circulation
R/L pulmonary arteries, lobar arteries, segmental arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, segmental veins, lobar veins, pulmonary veins
52
henry's law
mixed gases dissolve in liquids according to their concentration in air
53
dalton's law
total pressure of gas is the sum of partial pressure together
54
composition and pressure of typical air at sea level
78% N2, 21% O2, 1% other = 760 mmHg
55
boyle's law
pressure of gases in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume
56
ventilation is
inspiration and expiration
57
air moves because of
pressure gradients
58
atmospheric pressure is
the sum of gases (760 mmHg)
59
intrapulmonary pressure is
pressure inside lungs
60
when does inspiration and expiration occur
inspiration: atmospheric
61
intrapleural pressure is
pressure in the pleural space (avg 4 mmHg less that intrapulmonary) - keeps lungs inflated
62
pneumothorax is
air in thoracic/pleural space leads to lung collapse
63
how does inspiration occur
active process - uses muscle muscles contract (diaphragm flattens from dome shape, external intercostals lift ribs), thoracic volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure lowers below atmospheric
64
how does expiration occur
passive - at rest, inspiratory muscles relax active - internal intercostals pull ribs down, abdominal muscles pull ribs down and push abdominal contents against the diaphragm passive and active - thoracic volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure increases
65
chest/lung compliance can lead to
restrictive disorders (mainly inhalation problems - pulmonary fibrosis, kyphosis, obesity and pregnancy)
66
pulmonary fibrosis is
increase in collagen
67
kyphosis is
increase in thoracic curvature of the spine
68
obesity and pregnancy can
cause a decreased ability to expand the thorax

physiology (11 decks)

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