respiratory system (ch 21) Flashcards
respiration is
exchange of gases
ventilation is
breathing (air is going in/out of the lungs)
gas exchange involves
O2 and CO2
external respiration involves
the lungs (air and blood)
internal respiration involves
tissues (blood and tissues)
cellular respiration involves
cells
basic formula for cellular respiration
food + O2 —> CO2 + H2O + energy
energy is used for ADP + phosphate —> ATP
how are gases transported
blood (between tissues and lungs)
the nasal septum consists of
R and L nasal fossae, vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid
the vestibule of the nose is
“as far as the finger goes” - entryway
internal nares are
the opening to the throat
names of the nasal conchae and meatuses
superior, middle, inferior
the meatuses are
the canals below the conchae
the mucosa is
a mucous membrane
the mucosa is made up of
pseudostratified columnar epithelium, loose CT, venous spaces (erectile tissue), sensory epithelium
the mucosa alternates what
breathing (parasympathetic control)
function of the mucosa
warm, moisten, and clean air
names of the paranasal sinuses
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
nasopharynx is the location for
air
what does swallowing do in the nasopharynx
raises the soft palate, closing the nasopharynx
auditory tube connects to the middle ear, opens when swallowing
oropharynx is the location for
food, drink, and air
laryngopharynx is the location for
food, drink, and air (crossing can occur here)
consequences of crossing
choking, pneumonia
the upper respiratory tract consists of the
nose, pharynx, larynx
the lower respiratory tract consists of the
trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs
types of hyaline cartilage
thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate
the laryngeal prominence is
a projection (adam’s apple)
vocalis muscle function
adjusts vocal cords
function of the epiglottis
flap that protects the airway when you swallow
types of folds
vestibular (superior) - false vocal cord
vocal (inferior) - true vocal cord
laryngitis is
inflammation of the vocal folds leading to thickening (lose voice if it gets too thick)
incomplete hyaline cartilage is
found in the trachea - U shaped rings of cartilage that open posteriorly
the trachealis muscle consists of
smooth muscle
respiratory epithelium consists of
pseudostratified ciliated
the trachea splits where
at the carina “keel” to form bronchi to lungs
the conducting zone consists of
primary bronchi, second bronchi, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchiole
the respiratory zone consists of
respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli, lungs
primary bronchi characteristics
right is shorter, wider, more vertical
accidentally inhaled objects usually go where
the right bronchiole
secondary bronchi characteristics
3 to the right, 2 to the left
tertiary bronchi characteristics
smallest segments of lobes
terminal bronchiole characteristics
marks end of conducting zone
respiratory bronchiole characteristics
thin walls allow for gas exchange
alveolar duct characteristics
no smooth muscle
alveoli characteristics
main place for exchange
majority of lung volume
tennis court size surface area, bubble sacs
simple squamous epithelium
pleural membrane consists of
parietal pleura (lines chest wall), pleural fluid (in between), and visceral pleura (covers lung surface)
pleuritis is
inflammation of the pleural membrane - rubs and stretches against itself
lobes of the lungs
3 right (superior, middle, inferior) and 2 left (superior and inferior)
cardiac notch is
the indent for the heart in the left lung
apex vs base of lung
top vs bottom
pulmonary circulation
R/L pulmonary arteries, lobar arteries, segmental arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, segmental veins, lobar veins, pulmonary veins
henry’s law
mixed gases dissolve in liquids according to their concentration in air
dalton’s law
total pressure of gas is the sum of partial pressure together
composition and pressure of typical air at sea level
78% N2, 21% O2, 1% other = 760 mmHg
boyle’s law
pressure of gases in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume
ventilation is
inspiration and expiration
air moves because of
pressure gradients
atmospheric pressure is
the sum of gases (760 mmHg)
intrapulmonary pressure is
pressure inside lungs
when does inspiration and expiration occur
inspiration: <atmospheric
expiration: >atmospheric
intrapleural pressure is
pressure in the pleural space (avg 4 mmHg less that intrapulmonary) - keeps lungs inflated
pneumothorax is
air in thoracic/pleural space leads to lung collapse
how does inspiration occur
active process - uses muscle
muscles contract (diaphragm flattens from dome shape, external intercostals lift ribs), thoracic volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure lowers below atmospheric
how does expiration occur
passive - at rest, inspiratory muscles relax
active - internal intercostals pull ribs down, abdominal muscles pull ribs down and push abdominal contents against the diaphragm
passive and active - thoracic volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure increases
chest/lung compliance can lead to
restrictive disorders (mainly inhalation problems - pulmonary fibrosis, kyphosis, obesity and pregnancy)
pulmonary fibrosis is
increase in collagen
kyphosis is
increase in thoracic curvature of the spine
obesity and pregnancy can
cause a decreased ability to expand the thorax
