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physiology > respiratory system (ch 21) > Flashcards

respiratory system (ch 21) Flashcards

1
Q

respiration is

A

exchange of gases

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2
Q

ventilation is

A

breathing (air is going in/out of the lungs)

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3
Q

gas exchange involves

A

O2 and CO2

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4
Q

external respiration involves

A

the lungs (air and blood)

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5
Q

internal respiration involves

A

tissues (blood and tissues)

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6
Q

cellular respiration involves

A

cells

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7
Q

basic formula for cellular respiration

A

food + O2 —> CO2 + H2O + energy
energy is used for ADP + phosphate —> ATP

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8
Q

how are gases transported

A

blood (between tissues and lungs)

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9
Q

the nasal septum consists of

A

R and L nasal fossae, vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid

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10
Q

the vestibule of the nose is

A

“as far as the finger goes” - entryway

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11
Q

internal nares are

A

the opening to the throat

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12
Q

names of the nasal conchae and meatuses

A

superior, middle, inferior

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13
Q

the meatuses are

A

the canals below the conchae

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14
Q

the mucosa is

A

a mucous membrane

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15
Q

the mucosa is made up of

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium, loose CT, venous spaces (erectile tissue), sensory epithelium

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16
Q

the mucosa alternates what

A

breathing (parasympathetic control)

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17
Q

function of the mucosa

A

warm, moisten, and clean air

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18
Q

names of the paranasal sinuses

A

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary

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19
Q

nasopharynx is the location for

A

air

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20
Q

what does swallowing do in the nasopharynx

A

raises the soft palate, closing the nasopharynx
auditory tube connects to the middle ear, opens when swallowing

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21
Q

oropharynx is the location for

A

food, drink, and air

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22
Q

laryngopharynx is the location for

A

food, drink, and air (crossing can occur here)

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23
Q

consequences of crossing

A

choking, pneumonia

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24
Q

the upper respiratory tract consists of the

A

nose, pharynx, larynx

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25
Q

the lower respiratory tract consists of the

A

trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs

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26
Q

types of hyaline cartilage

A

thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate

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27
Q

the laryngeal prominence is

A

a projection (adam’s apple)

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28
Q

vocalis muscle function

A

adjusts vocal cords

29
Q

function of the epiglottis

A

flap that protects the airway when you swallow

30
Q

types of folds

A

vestibular (superior) - false vocal cord
vocal (inferior) - true vocal cord

31
Q

laryngitis is

A

inflammation of the vocal folds leading to thickening (lose voice if it gets too thick)

32
Q

incomplete hyaline cartilage is

A

found in the trachea - U shaped rings of cartilage that open posteriorly

33
Q

the trachealis muscle consists of

A

smooth muscle

34
Q

respiratory epithelium consists of

A

pseudostratified ciliated

35
Q

the trachea splits where

A

at the carina “keel” to form bronchi to lungs

36
Q

the conducting zone consists of

A

primary bronchi, second bronchi, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchiole

37
Q

the respiratory zone consists of

A

respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli, lungs

38
Q

primary bronchi characteristics

A

right is shorter, wider, more vertical

39
Q

accidentally inhaled objects usually go where

A

the right bronchiole

40
Q

secondary bronchi characteristics

A

3 to the right, 2 to the left

41
Q

tertiary bronchi characteristics

A

smallest segments of lobes

42
Q

terminal bronchiole characteristics

A

marks end of conducting zone

43
Q

respiratory bronchiole characteristics

A

thin walls allow for gas exchange

44
Q

alveolar duct characteristics

A

no smooth muscle

45
Q

alveoli characteristics

A

main place for exchange
majority of lung volume
tennis court size surface area, bubble sacs
simple squamous epithelium

46
Q

pleural membrane consists of

A

parietal pleura (lines chest wall), pleural fluid (in between), and visceral pleura (covers lung surface)

47
Q

pleuritis is

A

inflammation of the pleural membrane - rubs and stretches against itself

48
Q

lobes of the lungs

A

3 right (superior, middle, inferior) and 2 left (superior and inferior)

49
Q

cardiac notch is

A

the indent for the heart in the left lung

50
Q

apex vs base of lung

A

top vs bottom

51
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

R/L pulmonary arteries, lobar arteries, segmental arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, segmental veins, lobar veins, pulmonary veins

52
Q

henry’s law

A

mixed gases dissolve in liquids according to their concentration in air

53
Q

dalton’s law

A

total pressure of gas is the sum of partial pressure together

54
Q

composition and pressure of typical air at sea level

A

78% N2, 21% O2, 1% other = 760 mmHg

55
Q

boyle’s law

A

pressure of gases in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume

56
Q

ventilation is

A

inspiration and expiration

57
Q

air moves because of

A

pressure gradients

58
Q

atmospheric pressure is

A

the sum of gases (760 mmHg)

59
Q

intrapulmonary pressure is

A

pressure inside lungs

60
Q

when does inspiration and expiration occur

A

inspiration: <atmospheric
expiration: >atmospheric

61
Q

intrapleural pressure is

A

pressure in the pleural space (avg 4 mmHg less that intrapulmonary) - keeps lungs inflated

62
Q

pneumothorax is

A

air in thoracic/pleural space leads to lung collapse

63
Q

how does inspiration occur

A

active process - uses muscle
muscles contract (diaphragm flattens from dome shape, external intercostals lift ribs), thoracic volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure lowers below atmospheric

64
Q

how does expiration occur

A

passive - at rest, inspiratory muscles relax
active - internal intercostals pull ribs down, abdominal muscles pull ribs down and push abdominal contents against the diaphragm
passive and active - thoracic volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure increases

65
Q

chest/lung compliance can lead to

A

restrictive disorders (mainly inhalation problems - pulmonary fibrosis, kyphosis, obesity and pregnancy)

66
Q

pulmonary fibrosis is

A

increase in collagen

67
Q

kyphosis is

A

increase in thoracic curvature of the spine

68
Q

obesity and pregnancy can

A

cause a decreased ability to expand the thorax

physiology (11 decks)

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