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Year 2 Pathology > Urinary System and Male Genital Tract > Flashcards

Urinary System and Male Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the risk factors for a UTI?

A

Females>males. Sexual intercourse, pregnancy, diabetes, obstructions e.g. stones or catheters.

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2
Q

Define bacteruria

A

Bacteria in the urine.

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3
Q

What is a UTI called in the urethra?

A

Urethritis

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4
Q

What is a UTI called in the bladder?

A

Cystitis

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5
Q

What is a UTI called in the prostate?

A

Prostatitis

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6
Q

What is a UTI called in the kidney?

A

Pyelonephritis

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7
Q

What is the most common causative organism of a UTI?

A

E.coli

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of cystitis?

A

Frequency, dysuria, urgency, haematuria, suprapubic pain

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of pyelonephritis?

A

High fever, rigors, vomiting, koin pain and tenderness

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of prostatitis?

A

Flu-like symptoms, few urianry symptoms, and a swollen prostate on PR.

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11
Q

How are UTI’s managed?

A

Drink plenty of fluids. Urinate often. Antibiotics. Imaging - US. Severe cases will require hospital admission.

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12
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

Maintenance and balance of water, electrolytes and acid-base. Excretion of toxic metabolic waste products. Renin to control blood pressure. Erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production.

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of renal failure?

A

Acute and Chronic

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14
Q

Define acute renal failure

A

A significant deterioration in renal function occurring over hours or days.

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15
Q

What are the signs of acute renal failure?

A

Low urine volume. Rising plasma urea and creatinine levels.

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16
Q

What are the 3 categories of acute renal failure?

A

Pre-renal, renal, and post-renal

17
Q

How is acute renal failure treated?

A

Find and treat cause. Treat exacerbating factors. Stop nephrotoxic drugs. Renal replacement therapy e.g dialysis.

18
Q

What is chronic renal failure?

A

classified into 5 stages depending on GFR. Symptoms usually occur by stage 4.

19
Q

What are the common causes of chronic renal failure?

A

Glomerulonephritis, diabetes, renovascular disease, HTN, polycystic disease.

20
Q

What is Glomerulonephritis?

A

A group of disorders where there is damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus. This can cause leakage of protein or blood into the urine.

21
Q

What are stones?

A

Crystal aggregates that form in the collecting ducts of the kidneys and can deposit anywhere in the renal tract.

22
Q

What are the risk factors for kidney stones?

A

Peak age 20-40 years, more common in males. Dehydration, dietary factors, drugs, renal tract abnormalities, recurrent UTI’s.

23
Q

What are the symptoms of stones?

A

May be asymptomatic. Blood on dipstick. Loin pain, pain on micturition.

24
Q

What is the main type of renal cancer?

A

Renal cell carcinoma. 85% of all renal cancers.

25
Q

What are the risk factors for renal cell carcinoma?

A

Smoking, obesity, HTN, exposure to asbestos, hereditary conditions.

26
Q

What are the symptoms of renal cell carcinoma?

A

Haematuria, loin pain, abdominal mass, para neoplastic syndromes.

27
Q

What are the most common malignant tumours in the bladder?

A

Transitional cell carcinomas.

28
Q

What are the symptoms of transitional cell carcinomas?

A

Classically - painless haematuria. Frequency, urgency, dysuria.

29
Q

Where is the prostate gland located?

A

At the base of the bladder and around the first part of the urethra.

30
Q

What is the role of the prostate gland?

A

Helps in secretion and maintenance of semen and spermatozoa.

31
Q

What is a benign condition of the prostate?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia.

32
Q

What are the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Increased frequency, hesitancy, nocturne, terminal dribbling. increased risk of infection. Enlarged prostate on PR.

33
Q

What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?

A

Age, race, family history, hormone levels, diet.

34
Q

What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?

A

May be asymptomatic. Nocturia, hesitancy, poor stream, terminal dribbling. Hard irregular prostate. Raised PSA.

35
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A

Sudden onset of pain in 1 testis. Pain in abdomen, N&V. Testis is hot, swollen and tender. Requires URGENT surgery.

36
Q

What are the risk factors for testicular tumours?

A

Undescended testis, infant hernia, infertility

37
Q

What are the symptoms of testicular tumours?

A

Painless testicular lump often noted after trauma or infection.

38
Q

What is the main type of testicular tumours?

A

Germ cell tumours - Seminoma.

Year 2 Pathology (20 decks)

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