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Year 2 Pathology > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the brain made up of?

A

Cerebral hemispheres including grey matter, white matter, basal ganglia, ventricular system. Brain stem. Cerebellum.

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2
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Membranous coverings of the CNS. Protective function and production of cerebrospinal fluid. Made up of Dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater.

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3
Q

What happens if the volume of fluid inside the skull increases?

A

The intracranial pressure rises. This results in herniation where a part of the brain moves from one compartment of the skull to another.

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4
Q

What are the 5 sections of the spinal cord?

A 
Cervical - 8
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum - 5
Coccygeal - 1
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5
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Decision making, emotions, memory, fluent speech.

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6
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Sensory cortex and processing of info.

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7
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Language functions and auditory cortex. Memory

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8
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Visual cortex

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9
Q

What is the brain stem responsible for?

A

Motor and sensory pathways. Control of cardiorespiratory function and consciousness.

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10
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Precise motor control.

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11
Q

What are focal neurological signs?

A

A set of symptoms or signs in which causation can be localised to a site in the CNS.

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12
Q

What is generalised neurological abnormality?

A

An alteration in level of consciousness.

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13
Q

How is consciousness assessed?

A 
A - Alert 
V - Voice
P - Pain
U - Unresponsive
Using the Glasgow Coma Scale.
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14
Q

What is cerebrovascular disease?

A

Incorporates strokes, TIAs, intracerebral haemorrhage.

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15
Q

What are the 2 main pathological processes in cerebrovascular disease?

A

Hypoxia, ischaemia and infarction due to impaired blood supply.
Haemorrhage from CNS vessels.

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16
Q

What does tissue survival depend on?

A

Collateral circulation, duration of ischaemia, magnitude and rapidity of flow reduction.

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of cerebrovascular disease?

A

Hypotension, cardiac arrest, neuronal dysfunction.

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18
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Major neurological disorder.

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of a stroke?

A

Facial drooping, arm weakness or numbness, Slurred speech, Time - ring 999 urgently.

20
Q

What is a TIA?

A

Transient Ischaemic Attack - temporary loss of function that resolves itself within 24 hours. Mini-stroke.

21
Q

How are TIAs treated?

A

Anti-platelet therapy: aspirin or clopidogrel. Control BP. Lower cholesterol.

22
Q

What are the 2 types of stroke?

A

Ischaemic, Haemorrhagic.

23
Q

What are the risk factors for a stroke?

A

Hypertension, DM, Heart disease e.g AF, previous TIAs, Hyperlipidaemia.

24
Q

What are the causes of a stroke?

A

Hypoxia of brain from blockage of blood vessel by atheroma or embolus. Bleed into the brain - HTN related or aneurysm.

25
Q

How is a stroke managed?

A

NICE guidance, Thrombolysis, Aspirin/Clopidogrel, Physio, OT, SALT, Supportive treatment.

26
Q

What are the causes of hemorrhagic events?

A

HTN, Vascular malformation e.g aneurysm, Neoplasia, Trauma, Drug abuse.

27
Q

What is an intracerebral haemorrhage?

A

Haemorrhagic stroke - presents as headache with rapid decrease in conscious level. Few survive.

28
Q

What is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Spontaneous, often catastrophic, 80% are rupture of aneurysms.. Thunderclap headache and meningitis like signs.

29
Q

What is a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Fluctuant conscious level. Often in patients on anticoags. Bleeding from bridging veins. Blood between dura and arachnoid.

30
Q

What is an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Post head injury, slowly falling conscious level. Often with fractured temporal or parietal bone.

31
Q

What is dementia?

A

Progressive and largely irreversible clinical syndrome with widespread impairment of mental function.

32
Q

What are the signs of dementia?

A

> 65 years old increased risk. Memory loss, speed of thought, language, understanding/judgment, difficulties in controlling emotions. Can be mimicked by depression.

33
Q

What is dementia caused by?

A

70% by Alzheimers disease. 15% by vascular dementia (recurrent small strokes).

34
Q

What is Alzhemier’s disease?

A

An accumulation of amyloid, neurofibrillary tangles and plaques, and loss off neurones and synapses. Causes defects of visual-spaital skills and memory loss.

35
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

Spontaneous, intermittent, abnormal electrical activity in the brain, manifest as seizures. No identified cause.

36
Q

What can a diffuse infection cause?

A

Meningitis

37
Q

What can a focal infection cause?

A

Abscess.

38
Q

What are the causes of meningitis?

A

Bacteria - neirsseria meningitidis, pneumococcus, meningococcus. Viral and Fungal.

39
Q

What are the symptoms of meningitis?

A

Headache, cold hands and feet, pyrexial, neck stiffness, non-blanching rash, seizures.

40
Q

What is a brain abscess?

A

Caused by focal infection. Can lead to focal brain damage or mass effect. Presents with headaches, seizures, temperature.

41
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Movement disorder, rigidity, resting tremor, postural instability.

42
Q

What is the treatment for Parkinsons?

A

L-dopa eg Madopar.

43
Q

What are the symptoms of a brain tumour?

A

Headaches, seizures, cognitive or behavioural change, vomiting, altered consciousness.

44
Q

Where can brain tumours metastasise from?

A

Breast, small cell lung cancer.

45
Q

What are meningiomas?

A

Benign tumours. Slow growing. Derived from meningothelial cells. Enlarge slowly.

46
Q

What can pituitary tumours cause?

A

Cause compression symptoms, they can be hormonally active.

47
Q

What are the other types of brain tumours?

A

Glioblastoma, astrocytomas.

Year 2 Pathology (20 decks)

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