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Year 2 Pathology > Female Genital Pathology > Flashcards

Female Genital Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main presenting complaints related to female reproductive system?

A

Vaginal bleeding, pain, discharge, infertility.

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2
Q

What is the cervical screening - smear test?

A

A test to view the cervix and take a sample of cells. Every 3 years for 25-49 years and every 5 years for 49-64 years. Aims to detect disease early.

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3
Q

How is the HPV transmitted?

A

By sexual contact

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4
Q

What are the risk factors for contracting HPV?

A

Increased number of sexual partners.

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of HPV?

A

No symptoms.

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6
Q

What can HPV cause?

A

CIN and then cervical cancer.

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7
Q

What are the low risk types of HPV?

A

Warts and verrucas

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8
Q

What are the high risk types of HPV?

A

Cervical cancer

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9
Q

What is CIN?

A

Cervical Intra-epithelial Neoplasia. Its a microscopic lesion that affects the cervix and can develop into cancer if left untreated.

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10
Q

What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?

A

HPV, smoking, non attendance to screening.

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?

A

Abnormal discharge and bleeding. Cervix appears abnormal on examination.

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12
Q

What is cervical carcinoma?

A

Abnormal cells and invasion

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13
Q

What are the treatments for cervical carcinoma?

A

Local excision or radical hysterectomy +/- chemoradiotherapy

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14
Q

What are endocervical polyps?

A

Benign lesions, usually present with spotting.

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15
Q

What is menorrhagia?

A

Heavy periods >80ml blood loss.

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16
Q

What are the causes of menorrhagia?

A

Fibroids, endometriosis, polyps

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17
Q

What are the treatments for menorrhagia?

A

Mirena coil, mefanamic or tranexamic acid, the pill, hysterectomy.

18
Q

What are fibroids?

A

Very common benign tumours in the myometrium (uterine wall).

19
Q

What are the symptoms of fibroids?

A

Heavy or painful periods, pelvic pain or distension

20
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease caused by?

A

Infections, usually sexually transmitted.

21
Q

What are the symptoms of PID?

A

Abnormal discharge, pain or bleeding.

22
Q

What is a consequence of PID?

A

Major cause of infertility

23
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Endometrial tissue that is in the wrong location. Benign condition.

24
Q

What are the symptoms of endometriosis?

A

Heavy or painful periods, pelvic pain, painful sex.

25
Q

What are the treatments for endometriosis?

A

The pill, mirena coil, zoladex, surgery.

26
Q

What are endometrial polyps?

A

Benign growths from endometrial cavity.

27
Q

What is endometrial cancer?

A

Cancer of the lining of the uterus.

28
Q

What are the symptoms of endometrial cancer?

A

Post menopausal bleeding.

29
Q

Risk factors for endometrial cancer?

A

Nulliparity (never given birth), high BMI, HRT and late menopause.

30
Q

What are the risk factors for endometrial carcinoma?

A

Obesity and oestrogen exposure.

31
Q

What are the 3 types of ovarian cysts?

A

Follicular, cystadenomas, benign mature teratomas.

32
Q

What is polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A

Common condition, multiple cysts on the ovaries.

33
Q

What are the symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A

Irregular periods, no periods, infertility, other symptoms.

34
Q

What are the complications of polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A

Increased CV risk, increased risk of T2DM, increased problems in pregnancy.

35
Q

What type of ovarian cysts can occur in young women?

A

Benign

36
Q

What type of ovarian cysts can occur in older women?

A

Malignant

37
Q

What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?

A

Often asymptomatic, usually present late when already spread.

38
Q

What is a miscarriage?

A

Loss of pregnancy before 24 weeks. Occurs in approx 15% of pregnancies. Often no cause found.

39
Q

What are the risk factors for miscarriage?

A

Increasing age, multiple pregnancies, smoking, alcohol, connective tissue disorders, diabetes.

40
Q

What are the symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Abdominal or pelvic pain.

41
Q

What are the risk factors for an ectopic pregnancy?

A

PID, coil, IVF, previous ectopic, pelvic surgery

42
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

An extra uterine pregnancy usually occurring in the fallopian tubes.

Year 2 Pathology (20 decks)

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