Female Genital Pathology Flashcards
What are the 4 main presenting complaints related to female reproductive system?
Vaginal bleeding, pain, discharge, infertility.
What is the cervical screening - smear test?
A test to view the cervix and take a sample of cells. Every 3 years for 25-49 years and every 5 years for 49-64 years. Aims to detect disease early.
How is the HPV transmitted?
By sexual contact
What are the risk factors for contracting HPV?
Increased number of sexual partners.
What are the symptoms of HPV?
No symptoms.
What can HPV cause?
CIN and then cervical cancer.
What are the low risk types of HPV?
Warts and verrucas
What are the high risk types of HPV?
Cervical cancer
What is CIN?
Cervical Intra-epithelial Neoplasia. Its a microscopic lesion that affects the cervix and can develop into cancer if left untreated.
What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?
HPV, smoking, non attendance to screening.
What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?
Abnormal discharge and bleeding. Cervix appears abnormal on examination.
What is cervical carcinoma?
Abnormal cells and invasion
What are the treatments for cervical carcinoma?
Local excision or radical hysterectomy +/- chemoradiotherapy
What are endocervical polyps?
Benign lesions, usually present with spotting.
What is menorrhagia?
Heavy periods >80ml blood loss.
What are the causes of menorrhagia?
Fibroids, endometriosis, polyps
What are the treatments for menorrhagia?
Mirena coil, mefanamic or tranexamic acid, the pill, hysterectomy.
What are fibroids?
Very common benign tumours in the myometrium (uterine wall).
What are the symptoms of fibroids?
Heavy or painful periods, pelvic pain or distension
What is pelvic inflammatory disease caused by?
Infections, usually sexually transmitted.
What are the symptoms of PID?
Abnormal discharge, pain or bleeding.
What is a consequence of PID?
Major cause of infertility
What is endometriosis?
Endometrial tissue that is in the wrong location. Benign condition.
What are the symptoms of endometriosis?
Heavy or painful periods, pelvic pain, painful sex.
What are the treatments for endometriosis?
The pill, mirena coil, zoladex, surgery.
What are endometrial polyps?
Benign growths from endometrial cavity.
What is endometrial cancer?
Cancer of the lining of the uterus.
What are the symptoms of endometrial cancer?
Post menopausal bleeding.
Risk factors for endometrial cancer?
Nulliparity (never given birth), high BMI, HRT and late menopause.
What are the risk factors for endometrial carcinoma?
Obesity and oestrogen exposure.
What are the 3 types of ovarian cysts?
Follicular, cystadenomas, benign mature teratomas.
What is polycystic ovarian syndrome?
Common condition, multiple cysts on the ovaries.
What are the symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome?
Irregular periods, no periods, infertility, other symptoms.
What are the complications of polycystic ovarian syndrome?
Increased CV risk, increased risk of T2DM, increased problems in pregnancy.
What type of ovarian cysts can occur in young women?
Benign
What type of ovarian cysts can occur in older women?
Malignant
What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?
Often asymptomatic, usually present late when already spread.
What is a miscarriage?
Loss of pregnancy before 24 weeks. Occurs in approx 15% of pregnancies. Often no cause found.
What are the risk factors for miscarriage?
Increasing age, multiple pregnancies, smoking, alcohol, connective tissue disorders, diabetes.
What are the symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy?
Abdominal or pelvic pain.
What are the risk factors for an ectopic pregnancy?
PID, coil, IVF, previous ectopic, pelvic surgery
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
An extra uterine pregnancy usually occurring in the fallopian tubes.
