Heart and Blood Vessels - the Rest Flashcards
Define cardiac failure
Heart unable to pump blood at rate required for normal functioning
What are the causes of cardiac failure?
Ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, arrhythmias, congenital heart disease
What are the symptoms of cardiac failure?
SOB, fatigue, Pulmonary oedema, All-over excesive fluid-filled veins.
Define valvular heart disease
Involves: stenosis = valves fail to open completely
Incompetence/regurgitation = failure of valves to close
Vegetations = abnormal tissue growth on valve
Name the 4 valves in the heart.
Mitral
Aortic
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
What is valvular stenosis caused by?
Mainly due to primary valve cusp abnormality
What is valvular regurgitation caused by?
May result from disease of the cusps but also damage to the supporting structures.
What are vegetations caused by?
Can result from infective endocarditis and rheumatic fever
What are the underlying causes of Valvular heart disease?
Infection, Age-related degeneration, fibrosis and rupture after MI, heart failure, HTN, Congenital, IV drug abuse
What are the symptoms/consequences of valvular heart disease?
Stroke, murmur, arrythmias, angina, syncope, heart failure
Define infective endocarditis.
The inner lining of the heart and its valves becomes infected/inflammed.
What is vegetation made up of?
bacteria, fibrin, platelets
What type of bacteria affects abnormal valves?
Streptococci
What type of bacteria affects previously normal valves?
Staph. aureus
What are the symptoms of infective endocarditis?
Sepsis, heart failure, new murmur
Define pericarditis and myocarditis.
Inflammatory reaction involving the heart sac or heart muscle.
What are the cause of peri and myocarditis?
Viral, bacterial, parasitic, TB, uraemia, carcinoma, MI, post-op, drugs, connective tissue disease, radiation
What are the symptoms of per and myocarditis?
Chest pain
Cardiac failure
Name the main unusual cardiac disease.
Cardiomyopathy
Define cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle
What is cardiac dilation?
A type of cardiomyopathy, dilation of the chambers, heart becomes large and flabby.
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
heavy, muscular, hyper contracting, abnormal diastolic filling.
What are the symptoms of HCM?
SOB, chest pain, palpitations, black-out, sudden death, AF.
What is an aneurysm?
Type of vascular disease. Localised, permanent, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel.
What are the causes of an aneurysm?
age, atherosclerosis, ischaemia, HTN, inflammation, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, bacteria
What is hypertension?
A vascular disease. High blood pressure - more than 140/90. Mild = 95-104
Moderate = 105-114
Severe = >115
What are the risk factors for hypertension?
Genetics, diet high in sodium, lifestyle - stress, weight, alcohol and smoking.
What are the 4 secondary hypertension causes?
Renal, endocrine, vascular, neurogenic
What is the difference between benign and malignant hypertension?
Benign remains stable over many years and people can live a normal life. Malignant is rapidly increasing BP and 90% die within the first year.
What are the 5 organs affected by HTN?
Blood vessels - atherosclerosis and MI Heart - MI, heart disease Kidney - renal failure Eyes - hypertensive retinopathy Brain - cerebral haemorrhage or infarction
What is a type of vein disease?
Deep vein thrombosis
What are the causes of a DVT?
Immobility, malignancy, pregnancy, oestrogens, IV cannulas.
