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Year 2 Pathology > Heart and Blood Vessels - the Rest > Flashcards

Heart and Blood Vessels - the Rest Flashcards

1
Q

Define cardiac failure

A

Heart unable to pump blood at rate required for normal functioning

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2
Q

What are the causes of cardiac failure?

A

Ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, arrhythmias, congenital heart disease

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of cardiac failure?

A

SOB, fatigue, Pulmonary oedema, All-over excesive fluid-filled veins.

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4
Q

Define valvular heart disease

A

Involves: stenosis = valves fail to open completely
Incompetence/regurgitation = failure of valves to close
Vegetations = abnormal tissue growth on valve

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5
Q

Name the 4 valves in the heart.

A

Mitral
Aortic
Tricuspid
Pulmonary

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6
Q

What is valvular stenosis caused by?

A

Mainly due to primary valve cusp abnormality

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7
Q

What is valvular regurgitation caused by?

A

May result from disease of the cusps but also damage to the supporting structures.

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8
Q

What are vegetations caused by?

A

Can result from infective endocarditis and rheumatic fever

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9
Q

What are the underlying causes of Valvular heart disease?

A

Infection, Age-related degeneration, fibrosis and rupture after MI, heart failure, HTN, Congenital, IV drug abuse

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10
Q

What are the symptoms/consequences of valvular heart disease?

A

Stroke, murmur, arrythmias, angina, syncope, heart failure

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11
Q

Define infective endocarditis.

A

The inner lining of the heart and its valves becomes infected/inflammed.

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12
Q

What is vegetation made up of?

A

bacteria, fibrin, platelets

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13
Q

What type of bacteria affects abnormal valves?

A

Streptococci

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14
Q

What type of bacteria affects previously normal valves?

A

Staph. aureus

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of infective endocarditis?

A

Sepsis, heart failure, new murmur

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16
Q

Define pericarditis and myocarditis.

A

Inflammatory reaction involving the heart sac or heart muscle.

17
Q

What are the cause of peri and myocarditis?

A

Viral, bacterial, parasitic, TB, uraemia, carcinoma, MI, post-op, drugs, connective tissue disease, radiation

18
Q

What are the symptoms of per and myocarditis?

A

Chest pain

Cardiac failure

19
Q

Name the main unusual cardiac disease.

A

Cardiomyopathy

20
Q

Define cardiomyopathy

A

Disease of the heart muscle

21
Q

What is cardiac dilation?

A

A type of cardiomyopathy, dilation of the chambers, heart becomes large and flabby.

22
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

heavy, muscular, hyper contracting, abnormal diastolic filling.

23
Q

What are the symptoms of HCM?

A

SOB, chest pain, palpitations, black-out, sudden death, AF.

24
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Type of vascular disease. Localised, permanent, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel.

25
Q

What are the causes of an aneurysm?

A

age, atherosclerosis, ischaemia, HTN, inflammation, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, bacteria

26
Q

What is hypertension?

A

A vascular disease. High blood pressure - more than 140/90. Mild = 95-104
Moderate = 105-114
Severe = >115

27
Q

What are the risk factors for hypertension?

A

Genetics, diet high in sodium, lifestyle - stress, weight, alcohol and smoking.

28
Q

What are the 4 secondary hypertension causes?

A

Renal, endocrine, vascular, neurogenic

29
Q

What is the difference between benign and malignant hypertension?

A

Benign remains stable over many years and people can live a normal life. Malignant is rapidly increasing BP and 90% die within the first year.

30
Q

What are the 5 organs affected by HTN?

A 
Blood vessels - atherosclerosis and MI
Heart - MI, heart disease
Kidney - renal failure
Eyes - hypertensive retinopathy 
Brain - cerebral haemorrhage or infarction
31
Q

What is a type of vein disease?

A

Deep vein thrombosis

32
Q

What are the causes of a DVT?

A

Immobility, malignancy, pregnancy, oestrogens, IV cannulas.

Year 2 Pathology (20 decks)

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