Immunity and Disease

Question 1

Define immunity

Answer 1

Protection or defence against bacteria, viruses, fungi, toxins and cancer.

Question 2

What are the two main pathways of immunity?

Answer 2

Innate and Adaptive

Question 3

Whats the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Answer 3

Innate is non-specific whereas adaptive is specific

Question 4

What does innate immunity involve?

Answer 4

Intact skin - keratin, sweat, and dead cells.
Mucous and Cilia - acid and enzymes
Phagocytosis

Question 5

Name the 3 granulocytes

Answer 5

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 6

What are monocytes?

Answer 6

Macrophages involved in phagocytosis. They live longer than granulocytes and stimulate the specific immune response.

Question 7

What are the non-specific responses to infection?

Answer 7

Fever
Pain, swelling, redness
Acute-phase proteins released from liver

Question 8

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 8

Relies on antigens and involves lymphocytes.

Question 9

Where are lymphocytes produced?

Answer 9

Bone marrow

Question 10

Where do B cells mature?

Answer 10

Bone marrow

Question 11

Where to T cells mature?

Answer 11

Thymus

Question 12

What do B cells do?

Answer 12

Secrete antibodies and take art in humoral immunity - recognise pathogens outside of cells

Question 13

What do T cells do?

Answer 13

Do not recognise free antigens - can only recognise them when they are presented by an MHC. They directly attack invaders by cell-mediated immunity.

Question 14

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

Answer 14

Seek out and destroy any antigens in the system. Some can destroy cancer cells.

Question 15

What do T helper cells do?

Answer 15

Stimulate B cells.

Activate cytotoxic cells and macrophages to attack infected cells.

Question 16

Which cells does HIV destroy?

Answer 16

T-helper cells (CD4+)

Question 17

What do B cells produce?

Answer 17

Antibodies (glycoproteins)

Question 18

What can B cells differentiate into?

Answer 18

Plasma cells which produce antibodies.

Or B memory cells.

Question 19

What can cause Immunodeficiency ?

Answer 19

Chemotherapy/drugs
HIV
Splenectomy
Bone marrow dysfunction

Question 20

What can cause a hyperactive immune system?

Answer 20

Allergy due to hypersensitivity e.g asthma, rhinitis
Auto-immunity
Overreaction to pathogens

Question 21

What are the different causes of secondary immunodeficiency?

Answer 21

Malnutrition
Burns
Uremia
Diabetes
Self-medication e.g drugs and alcohol
AIDS

Question 22

Name 4 autoimmune diseases.

Answer 22

Type 1 diabetes
Coeliac disease
Multiple sclerosis
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 23

Name 3 ways we can manipulate the immune system.

Answer 23

Organ transplant
Cancer - immunotherapy
Vaccinations

Question 24

Name the 4 different types of vaccinations.

Answer 24

Live e.g MMR
Inactivated e.g Hep B
Toxoid e.g Diptheria
Conjugated e.g Pneumococcal