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Year 2 Pathology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

In the brain above the brain stem

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2
Q

What is the hypothalamus split into?

A

Anterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary

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3
Q

Which 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

A

Oxytocin

ADH

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4
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?

A 
Growth hormone
TSH 
ACTH
FSH
LH 
Prolactin
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5
Q

What is hyperpituitarism caused by?

A

Adenomas

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6
Q

What is hypopituitarism caused by?

A

Injury, surgery, radiation, inflammation

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7
Q

What is the type of pituitary adenoma called?

A

Prolactinoma - non functional

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8
Q

What does abnormal levels of ACTH cause?

A

Cushing’s disease

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9
Q

What does abnormal levels of prolactin cause?

A

Amenorrhea, sexual dysfunction, infertility

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10
Q

What does abnormal levels of TSH cause?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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11
Q

Why does hypopituitarism occur?

A

Occurs when 75% of the anterior pituitary function is lost.

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12
Q

What does the thyroid gland release?

A

T3 and T4

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13
Q

What stimulated the thyroid gland to release T3 and T4?

A

TSH from the anterior pituitary gland

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14
Q

What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease - autoimmune.

Over treatment by thyroxine. Infective thyroiditis. Toxic goitre or toxic adenoma.

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

Bulging eyes, facial flushing, enlarged thyroid, tachycardia, high systolic BP, weight loss, muscle wasting, tremors, diarrhoea.

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16
Q

How do you manage hyperthyroidism?

A

Regular thyroid function tests. Treat the cause. Give carbimazole. Radioiodine or thyroidectomy.

17
Q

What are the causes of hypothyroidism?

A

Iodine deficiency, autoimmune (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis), surgery, pituitary defects, congenital.

18
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

Intolerance to cold, hair loss, lethargy, dry skim, muscle weakness, constipation, anorexia, weight gain, low HR

19
Q

What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland. More common in women than men. 45-60 years old.

20
Q

How do you treat hypothyroidism?

A

Give thyroxine.

21
Q

What is the most common type of thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary carcinoma.

22
Q

What are the parathyroid glands responsible for?

A

Calcium regulation.

23
Q

What are the causes of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Thyroidectomy, congenital, hereditary.

24
Q

What are the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Due to low calcium: irritability, tetany, seizures.

25
Q

What are the 3 different causes of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Primary - adenoma.
Secondary - chronic renal failure.
Tertiary - after renal transplant.

26
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Due to high calcium: constipation, depression, seizures, muscle wasting, polyuria, bone fractures, kidney stones.

27
Q

Which hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Aldosterone, sex hormones, cortisol.

28
Q

What is the main cause of hyperaldosteronism?

A

Conn’s disease

29
Q

What are the symptoms of Conn’s?

A

Oedema, HTN, high sodium, low potassium.

30
Q

What is the role of cortisol?

A

Essential to life, regulates blood sugar, inhibits inflammation, stress response. Excess release = cushing’s syndrome.

31
Q

What are the symptoms of cushiness syndrome?

A

Osteoporosis, muscle weakness, moon face, buffalo hump, thinning of skin, poor wound healing, obesity, HTN.

32
Q

What are the 3 causes of Addison’s disease?

A

Autoimmune, infection, neoplasms.

33
Q

What are the symptoms of Addison’s disease?

A

GI symptoms, weight loss, hyper pigmentation, low sodium, high potassium.

34
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Adrenaline, noradrenaline.

Year 2 Pathology (20 decks)

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