Urinary System A And P

Question 1

Functions of the urinary system

Answer 1

Elimination of waste products
Nitrogenous wastes
Toxins
Drugs

Question 2

Regulate aspects of homeostasis

Answer 2

Water balance
Electrolytes
Acid-base balance in the blood
Blood pressure
Red blood cell proxy
Activation of vitamin d

Question 3

Organs of the urinary system

Answer 3

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

Question 4

Location of the kidneys

Answer 4

Against dorsal body wall
Level T12 to L3
Right kidney is lower than the left
Attached to ureters renal blood vessels and nerves at renal hilus
Atop each kidney is an adrenal gland

Question 5

Coverings of the kidneys

Answer 5

Renal capsule
Adipose capsule

Question 6

Renal capsule

Answer 6

Surrounds each kidney

Question 7

Adipose capsule

Answer 7

Surrounds the kidney
Provides protection to the kidney
Helps keep the kidney in its correct location

Question 8

Regions of the kidney

Answer 8

Renal cortex-other region
Renal medulla-inside the cortex
Renal pelvis- inner collecting tube

Question 9

Medullary pyramids

Answer 9

Triangular regions of tissue in the medulla

Question 10

Renal columns

Answer 10

Extensions of Cortex-like material inward

Question 11

Calyces

Answer 11

Cup shaped structures that funnel urine towards the renal pelvis

Question 12

Kidney structures

Answer 12

Medullary pyramids
Renal columns
Calyces

Question 13

Nephrons

Answer 13

Structural and functional units of kidneys
Responsible for forming urine
Main structures of nephrons: glomerulus and renal tubule

Question 14

Glomerulus

Answer 14

A specialized capillary bed
Attached to arteries on both sides (maintains high pressure)
Larger afferent arteriole
Narrow efferent arteriole
Sits within glomerular capsule (first part of the renal tubule)

Question 15

Renal tubule

Answer 15

Glomerular(bowman’s) capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule

Question 16

Cortical nephrons

Answer 16

-located entirely in the cortex
-includes most nephrons

Question 17

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 17

Found at the boundary of the cortex and medulla

Question 18

Peritubular capillaries

Answer 18

Arise from the efferent arteriole of the glomerulus
Normal, low pressure capillaries
Attached to a venule
Cling close to the renal tubule
Reabsorb (reclaim) substances from collecting tubes

Question 19

Urine formation processes

Answer 19

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

Question 20

Filtration

Answer 20

Nonselective passive process
Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through capillary walls
Blood cells cannot pass out to the capillaries
Filtrate is collected in the glomerular capsule and leaves via the renal tubule

Question 21

Reabsorption

Answer 21

The peritubular capillaries reabsorb several materials
-some water
-amino acids
-ions
Some reabsorption is passive, most is active
Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 22

Materials not reabsorbed

Answer 22

Nitrogenous waste products
-urea
-uric acid
-creatinine
Excess water

Question 23

Secretion-reabsorption in reverse

Answer 23

Some materials move from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules
-hydrogen and potassium ions
-creatinine
Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the ureter

Question 24

Characteristics of urine

Answer 24

Colored somewhat yellow due to pigment urochrome
Sterile
Slightly aromatic
Normal pH around 6
Specific gravity 1.001 to 1.035

Question 25

Ureters

Answer 25

Slender tubes attaching the kidney to the bladder
-continuous with the renal pelvis
-enter the posterior aspect of the bladder
Runs behind the peritoneum
Peristalsis aids gravity in urine transport

Question 26

Urinary bladder

Answer 26

Smooth collapsible muscular sac
Temporarily stores urine

Question 27

Trigone- 3 openings

Answer 27

2 from the ureters
1 to the urethra

Question 28

Urinary bladder wall

Answer 28

Three layers of smooth muscle (destructor muscle)
Mucosa made of transitional epithelium
Walls are thick and folded in an empty bladder
Bladder can expand significantly without increasing internal pressure

Question 29

Urethra

Answer 29

Thin walled tube that carries from the bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis
Release of urine is controlled by 2 sphincters
Internal urthral sphincter (involuntary)
External urethral sphincter (voluntary)

Question 30

Urethra gender differences

Answer 30

Length
-females 3-4 cm 1in
-Males- 20cm 8 in
Locations
-Females - along wall of vagina
-males- through the prostate and penis
Functions
Females- only carries urine
Males- carries urine and is a passageway for sperm cells

Question 31

Maintaining water balance

Answer 31

Normal amount of water in human body
Young adult females- 50%
Young adult males-60%
Babies-75%
Old age-45%

Question 32

Distribution of body fluid

Answer 32

intracellular fluid (inside cells)
extracellular fluid (outside cells)

Question 33

alkalosis

Answer 33

ph above 7.45

Question 34

acidosis

Answer 34

ph below 7.35