Urinary System Flashcards
What are the functions of the urinary system?
Elimination, Conservation, Regulation, and Endocrine
The kidneys and most of the ureters are ______ (with regard to mesentery or retroperitoneum) .
primarily retroperitoneal
The lower parts of the ureters and urinary bladder are _______ (with regard to mesentery or retroperitoneum)
subperitoneal
Not part of gut tube and have never had a mesentery
primarily retroperitoneum
Function of urinary system: ______ -urine & toxic metabolites from the blood
Elimination
Function of urinary system: _______ -salts, glucose, proteins & H20
Conservation
Function of urinary system: _______ -blood pressure,hemodynamics & acid-basebalance
Regulation
Function of urinary system: ________ -produces Vitamin D, renin, erythropoietin and prostaglandins (hormonal control of other tissues/organs)
Endocrine
The _______ is formed from the major calyces
renal pelvis
Structures that serve the kidneys (vessels, nerves, and structures that drain urine from the kidney) enter and exit the renal sinus through the ________
renal hilum
T/F: The kidney has collateral alarterial circulation.
False; has no
In regard to to the vein, artery, and ureter, what is the spatial orientation from anterior to posterior?
Vein, artery, and ureter
____ arteries supply the kidneys
renal arteries
The renal arteries branch off the aorta at what level of spinal cord
L2
Each renal artery divides into ________ arteries that enter the hilum of the kidney
5 segmental arteries
How many of the segmental arteries go the anterior portion of kidney and how many go to the posterior portion?
4 anterior and 1 posterior
How many segments of the kidney are there?
5
Each segmental artery gives rise to a number of ______ arteries, each supplies a renal pyramid
lobar arteries
Kidney starts ___ and ____ during development
low and ascends
How many major calyces does a kidney typically have?
2
____ are muscular tubes (25–30 cm long) with narrow lumina that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Ureters
The abdominal parts of the ureters adhere closely to the _______ and are ________ (mesenteric or retroperitoneal) throughout their course.
parietal peritoneum; retroperitoneal
They run inferiorly from the apices of the renal pelves at the hila of the kidneys, passing over the pelvic brim at the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries; Theyt hen run along the lateral wall of the pelvis and enter the urinary bladder
ureters
The ureters pass _____ the pelvic brim at the bifurcation of the common iliac arteires
over
The ureters pass ______ through the muscular wall of the urinary bladder in an _____ direction
obliquely; inferomedial
This oblique passage through the bladder wall forms a one-way ______, the internal pressure of the filling bladder causing the intramural passage to collapse
flap valve
In addition, contractions of the ______ acts as a sphincter preventing the reflux of urine into the ureters when the bladder contracts
detrusor muscle of the bladder
Urine passes down the ureters by means of ________, a few drops being transported at intervals of 12–20 seconds
peristaltic contractions
The ureters pass _____ the gonadal vessels
behind
T/F: Ureters get their blood supply from the vessels they contact
True
From what spinal cord segments do the ureters get nerve supply?
T12- L2
Where are the 3 normal relative constrictions of the ureters located?
at the junction of the ureters and renal pelves, where the ureters cross the brim of the pelvic inlet, and during their passage through the wall of the urinary bladder
The constricted areas are potential sites of obstruction of the ureters by ______
ureteric stones (calculi)
Pain of the ureters that is sometimes severe and can cause complete/intermittent obstruction of urine flow is due to ______
hyperperistalsis
The ureters pass across the anterior surfaces of the _____ muscles and the _____ vessels
psoas muscles; common iliac vessels
The _______ is potentially at risk of injury during an appendectomy.
right ureter
The ______ is crossed by the sigmoid colon and may be at risk of injury during surgery of the sigmoid colon and rectum
left ureter
Innervation of the kidneys arise from the ________ plexus and consist of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
renal nerve plexus
nerves of the abdominal part of the _____ derive from the renal, abdominal aortic, and superior hypogastric plexuses
ureters
Visceral afferent fibers conveying pain sensation (obstruction and consequent distension) follow the ______ fibers (1o above pelvic pain line) retrograde to spinal ganglia and cord segments _____
sympathetic; T11-T12
Ureteric pain is usually referred to the ________ quadrant of the anterior abdominal wall and especially to the _____
ipsilateral lower quadrant; groin
a hollow organ with strong muscular walls, is characterized by its distensibility
urinary bladder
is a temporary reservoir for urine and varies in size, shape, position, and relationships according to its content and the state of neighboring viscera
urinary bladder
When empty, the adult urinary bladder is located in the _______, lying partially superior to and partially posterior to the pubic bones
lesser pelvis
Urinary bladder is separated from these bones by the potential retropubic space and lies mostly _____ to the peritoneum, resting on the pubic bones and pubic symphysis anteriorly and the prostate (males) or anterior wall of the vagina (females)posteriorly.
inferior
The _____ space is the potential space between the bladder and the pubic bones and symphysis
retropubic space
The walls of the bladder are composed chiefly of the _____ muscle
detrusor muscle
Toward the neck of the male bladder, the muscle fibers form the involuntary _________
internal urethral sphincter
In males, this sphincter contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation) of semen into the bladder
internal urethral sphincter
The main arteries supplying the bladder are branches of the ______ artery
internal iliac
Venous drainage corresponds to arteries & are tributaries of _____ vein
internal iliac vein
The _______ are encircled by loops of detrusor musculature that tighten when the bladder contracts to assist in preventing reflux of urine into the ureter
ureteric orifices
The ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice are at the _________ of the bladder
angles of the trigone
_______ (innervation) have the role of producing and releasing waste (urine and feces) from the body.
Parasympathetics
________ (innervation) have the role of slowing production of waste, while retaining it inside the body until the proper time to releaseit.
Sympathetics
______ innervation has a role in assisting the sympathetics in retaining waste.
Somatic motor
Parasympathetics for ureters are mostly from ______ nerves and are most important _______
pelvic splanchnic nn; distally
Sympathetics are primarily from the ______ nerve
lesser splanchnic n.
The _______ (approximately 4 cm long and 6 mm in diameter) passes antero-inferiorly from the internal urethral orifice to the external urethral orifice.
female urethra
The ______ is a muscular tube (18–22 cm long) that conveys urine from the internal urethral orifice of the urinary bladder to the external urethral orifice, located at the tip of the glans penis. The urethra also provides an exit for semen (sperm and glandular secretions).
male urethra
In the case of a horseshoe kidney, what does the kidney get stopped by to prevent ascension to its normal location?
Inferior mesenteric artery
Most horseshoe kidneys are fused at _____ of kidney
lower pole
