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URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is urology

A

medical specialty that focuses on the urinary system and its disorders and also include male and female reproductive system

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2
Q

what does the urinary system consist of

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
bladder and urethra

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3
Q

What is the urinary system linked to

A

reproductive system- in many animals the egg and sperm are emitted through the urinary tract
in humans males, sperm are emitted through the urethra

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4
Q

what are the functions of kidneys

A
  1. excretion of wastes- filter blood plasma and separate wastes whilst returning useful substances back to bloodstream
  2. regulation of blood volume and pressure by water conservation/ elimination
  3. regulation of osmolarity of body fluids
  4. secretion of enzyme renin for regulation of BP and electrolytes
  5. secretion of hormone erythropoietin that stimulates RBC production
  6. regulation of pCO2 and acid base balance of body fluids
  7. synthesis of hormone calcitrol for calcium homeostasis
  8. glucosegenesis in conditions of extreme starvation
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5
Q

what is waste

A

any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of need

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6
Q

what is metabolic waste

A

waste produced by the body; faeces is not a metabolic waste

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7
Q

what is nitrogenous waste

A

among the toxic of metabolic wastes; 50% is urea produces by protein catabolism

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8
Q

what is excretion

A

process of separation wastes from the body fluids and elimination them

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9
Q

what is excretion carried out by

A
  1. respiratory system- C02, water
  2. integumentary system- water, inorganic salts, lactic acid and urea in sweat
  3. digestive system- not only eliminates food residue (not excretion) but excretes water, salts, CO2, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol and other metabolic wastes
  4. urinary system- broad variety of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, hydrogen ions and water
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10
Q

gross anatomy of kidneys

A

0.4% body weight but 21% of cardiac output

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11
Q

what is renal circulation

A

the larger blood vessels of the kidney

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12
Q

what is a nephron

A

functional unit of kidney

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13
Q

how many nephrons does the kidney have

A

1.2 millions

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14
Q

what is the nephron composed of

A

2 parts; renal corpuscle that filters the blood plasma and renal tubule that converts the filtrate into urine

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15
Q

which nephron has short loops

A

cortical nephrons

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16
Q

which nephron has long loops

A

juxtamedullary nephrons- responsible for conservation of water

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17
Q

what is the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus + glomerular casule

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18
Q

where does the blood flow through

A

afferent arteriole

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19
Q

formation of urine

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. water conservation
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20
Q

what is glomerular filtration

A

creates a plasmalike filtrate of the blood

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21
Q

what is tubular reabsorption

A

removes useful solutes from the filtrate, returns them to the blood and tubular secretion removes additional wastes from the blood, adds them to the filtrate

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22
Q

what is water conservation

A

removes water from the urine and returns it to blood; concentrates wastes

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23
Q

what is glomerular filtration rate

A

amount of filtrate produced per minute by the two kidneys

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24
Q

what is the GFR in males and females

A

M: 125ml/min; 180l/day
F: 105ml/min; 150l/day

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25
Q

tubular reabsorption/ secretion

A
  1. PCT reabsorbs 65% of glomerular filtrate; PCT accounts for 6% of resting ATP usage- active transport
  2. PCT reabsorbs
    i. sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphate- 65%
    ii. glucose- 100%
    iii. urea- 40-60%
    iv. water- 67%
  3. secretion in PCT and loop
    i. nitrogenous wastes, bile acids, catecholamines, prostaglandin
    ii. drugs- morphine, aspirin, penicillin
    iii. hydrogen and bicarbonate ions to regulate pH
  4. Loop reabsorbs 25% of sodium, potassium and chloride, 15% of water
  5. fluids arriving at the DCT contains 20% of the water & 7% of the salts from the glomerular filtrate
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26
Q

what is water conservation

A
  1. the nephron loops generate a large concentration gradient in the renal medulla
  2. water is reabsorbed by osmosis from the collecting ducts
  3. longer loops can generate greater concentration gradients= greater ability to concentrate urine eg desert animals
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27
Q

urine storage and elimination

A
  1. ureters
  2. urinary bladder
  3. urethra
  4. urinating
28
Q

Ureters

A

25cm longs; formed at renal pelvis and connect to urinary bladder; 1.7cm diameters at entry into bladder; have a valve at entry to bladder to prevent reflux of urine

29
Q

urinary bladder

A

muscular sac; muscle layer is called the detrusor muscle; maximum capacity 700-800m

30
Q

urethra

A

3-4cm long in females; 18cm longs in males

31
Q

urinating

A

called micturition, controlled partly by a spinal reflex and partly by the CNS

32
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system

A

kidneys- clean and filter blood
ureters- tubes that take urine to bladder
bladder- stores urine until eliminates
urethra- removes urine from body

33
Q

what is the hilum

A

indentation where vessels and ureter attach

34
Q

what is the cortex

A

outer zone of kidney

35
Q

what is the medulla

A

interior of kidney

36
Q

what are extensions of the cortex

A

renal columns which divides the medulla into 6-10 renal pyramids

37
Q

what structures is the nephrite tubule sorted into

A 
bowman capsule
proximal convoluted tube
loop of henle
distal convoluted tube
collecting tubes
38
Q

what is the bowmans capsule

A

cup shaped mouth of nephron usually in cortex

39
Q

what is proximal convoluted tube

A

attached to bowmans capsule, highly coiled (convoluted)

40
Q

what is loop of henle

A

large loop consisting of descending and ascending limb extends down into medulla

41
Q

what are collecting tubules

A

many DCT’s drain into one collecting tubule bundles of collecting tubules= pyramids

42
Q

what is the renal artery

A

brings blood to kidney

43
Q

what is glomerulus

A

dense capillary bed
formed by afferent arteriole
inside bowmans capsule

44
Q

what is afferent arteriole

A

brings blood to individual nephrons

45
Q

what is the renal corpuscle made up of

A

glomerulus + bowmans capsule

46
Q

what is the efferent arteriole

A

blood leaves glomerulus via here

47
Q

what is the peritubular capillaries

A

efferent arteriole divides into another capillary bed surround the nephrite tubule

48
Q

what is the renal vein

A

returns blood to vena cava

49
Q

where does filtration occur

A

in the renal corpuscle; from glomerulus to bowmans capsule

50
Q

Proximal convoluted tube

A

80% of material to be reabsorbed are reabsorbed in PCT

51
Q

loop of henle

A

additional cl+ and na+ ions are reabsorbed by active transport

52
Q

what are other organs that serve an excretory function

A

kidneys
skin- sweat glands
lungs- co2
liver- bile pigments, salts, calcium

53
Q

what is the kidney surrounded by

A

renal capsule; barrier against trauma and spread of infections

54
Q

what is the hilum

A

indentation where vessels and ureters attach

55
Q

how many nephrons

A

each kidney is composed of over 1 million nephrons;

  1. nephrite tubule
  2. associated blood supply
56
Q

what is renin

A

an enzyme that regulates bp and electrolytes

57
Q

what is erythropoietin

A

a hormone that stimulates rbc production

58
Q

what is calcitrol

A

a hormone for calcium homeostasis

59
Q

what is the order circulation or renal circulation

A

aorta – renal a – segmental a – interloper a– arcuate a – interlobular a – afferent a – glomerulus – efferent arteriole – peritubular capillaries – interlobular veins – arcuate v – interlobar v - renal v– inferior vena cava

60
Q

what is the renal corpuscle

A

filters the blood plasma

61
Q

what is the renal tubule

A

converts the filtrate into urine

62
Q

what are juxtamedullary nephrons responsible for

A

conservation of water

63
Q

what are the 4 regions tubule

A

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henley, distal convolute tubule, collecting duct ; 3cm long

64
Q

what is passed through the filter

A

water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, fatty acid, vitamins, urea, uric acid, creatinine

65
Q

what does pct reabsorb

A

sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphate -65%
glucose -100%
urea- 40-60%
water - 67%

66
Q

what does pct secrete

A

nitrogenous wastes, bile acids, catecholamines, prostaglandis
drugs
hydrogen and bicarbonate ions to regulate pH

biology (9 decks)

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