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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the ways of intercellular communication

A
  1. gap junctions
  2. neurotransmitter
  3. paracrines
  4. hormones
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2
Q

what are gap junctions

A

they join smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, epithelial and other cells to each other

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3
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

they are released by neutrons, diffuse across a narrow synaptic cleft, and bind to receptors on the surface of the next cell

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4
Q

what are paracrines

A

they are local hormones that are secreted by one cell, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology

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5
Q

what are hormones

A

they are chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responds in cells of another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance away

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6
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

glands, tissue and cells that secrete hormones make up the endocrine system

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7
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system

A

inter cellular communication, homeostasis, structural changes in the body

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8
Q

what are the endocrine organs

A
  • maser organs in the brain; hypothalamus ,pituitary gland, and pineal gland
  • thyroid gland
  • thymus
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
  • ovaries and testes
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9
Q

endocrine system

A
  • communicates by means of hormones
  • release hormones into bloodstream for general distribution throughout body
  • sometimes has widespread effect
  • reacts slowly to stimuli
  • may continue to respond long after stimulus stops
  • adapts relatively slowly
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10
Q

what are the interaction between nervous and endocrine system

A

noradrenaline and glucagon cause the liver to breakdown glycogen

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11
Q

what hormones are secreted by neuroendocrine cells

A

noradrenaline and oxytocin

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12
Q

location of endocrine organs

A 
pituitary gland is anterior and pineal gland is posterior
thyroid gland is anterior to trachea
thymus sits next to sternum
adrenal gland is superior to kidneys
pancreas is between kidneys
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13
Q

what do kidneys produce

A

eto and this causes production of rbc

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14
Q

what works antagonistically with the endocrine system

A

nervous system

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15
Q

where is the hypothalamus

A

its an area in the brain and it sits in walls of their ventricle

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16
Q

what circulated the CNS

A

serous fluid (cerebrospinal fluid). chamber in brain has large amounts of CFS

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17
Q

Where are cells of hypothalamus found

A

in walls of ventricle

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18
Q

what are the cells of the hypothalamus

A

they car neurons and they are the cells of the cells of the nervous system and are responsive to input from other neurons and become electrically active and they release chemicals from her distal parts

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19
Q

where is the supraoptic nuclei

A

on top of the optic. coming out of the back fo they eyeball is second cranial nerve and what happens is the left and right meet and crossover and this called the optic chasm. neurons sit right on top.

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20
Q

what are the common things between paraventricular nerve and supraoptic nucleus

A

neurons have long axons that go down and go straight into the pituitary gland. Pit gland is suspended of the ventricle. axons from the gland to the posterior past of the pituitary and this is called the neurohypophysis

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21
Q

neurons from hypothalamus

A

they make chemical messengers and is sent along axons, which then go through vesicles (distal part of axons) and get released to posterior pituitary

22
Q

what does the supraoptic nucleus make

A

its make ADH. ADH receptors are found in the kidney and it effects water reabsorption of kidneys.

23
Q

what is ADH

A

it effects water reabsorption of kidneys. its stops u making a lot of urine and increases water reabsorption. it is affected by alcohol, as using increases and urin is dilute. it reduces production od ADH, therefore reduced reabsorption of water and so more water goes into urine and you become dehydrated

24
Q

what does the paraventricular nuclei make

A

oxytocin; it is released in large amounts during childbirth and the target organ is the uterus. it goes through the capillaries and goes into blood and around body

25
Q

how big is the posterior pituitary

A

only 1/4 of whole pituitary. the axons travel down the connection between base of third ventricle and pituitary and its axons

26
Q

axons of posterior pituitary

A

axons travel down the connection between base of the third ventricle and pituitary and this axons are called hypothalami- hypophyseal tract

27
Q

what does the posterior pituitary make

A

oxytocin and ADH; these hormones are actually made in hypothalamus and transported down

28
Q

what is the anterior pituitary

A

it is the distal part of axons and surrounded by capillary network

29
Q

structure of the anterior pituitary

A

superior hypophyseal artery divided and becomes capillaries and they surround the neutron of the hypothalamus and this capillaries pick up hormones made by neurons. the hormones enter blood and capillaries form venues and venues go down and link between hypothalamus and pituitary and go into anterior put and forms a secondary network forming venue and vein back to heart

30
Q

what happens when artery turns into venules

A

they form secondary network called a portal systemm

31
Q

what is another network of a portal system

A

when arteries go from aorta to small intestine and forms another capillary system.. this system absorbs all the products of digestive system from intestine and reforms into venule and larger veins. this then travels to the liver to form another capillary network and large vein

32
Q

what does the liver do

A

processes and absorbs used stuff

33
Q

what are the hormones released by cells of hypothalamus to the anterior part of the pituitary

A

TRH,GnRH,CRH,GHRH

34
Q

what are the hormones of anterior pituitary

A

gonadotropin, thyrotropin, corticotropin, prolactin and somastosin

35
Q

where is the pituitary gland

A

it sits in a fossa and its called sella turcica and its of the sphenoid bone. its the size of a kidney

36
Q

what are the two parts of the pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysics and neurohypophysis

37
Q

what is the adenohypophysis

A

its it 3/4 of the gland and it has two parts
•anterior lobe / pars distils - connected to the hypothalamus by the hypophyseal portal system
•pars tuberalis

38
Q

what is the neurohypophysis

A

its is 1/4 of the gland and it has three parts
•median eminicence
•infundibulum
•posterior lobe (pars nervosa)

39
Q

what are the control of the pituitary secretion

A
  1. rate of hormone secretion by pituitary is not constant
  2. controlled by ;
    •hypothalamus
    •higher brain centres- via sensory information
    •feedback from target organs
40
Q

what are the other endocrine glands

A
  1. pineal
  2. thymus
  3. thyroid
  4. parathyroid
  5. adrenal
  6. pancreas
  7. gonads
41
Q

what is the pineal

A
  • its mainly active up to puberty; shrinks after this
  • regulates 24hr circadian rhythms of physiology
  • secreted melatonin - varies length day; may have role in pre menstrual tension & seasonal affective disorder
  • they may have role in onset of puberty
42
Q

what is the thymus

A
  • large in children shrinks with age

* secretes hormones that influence the development of T lymphocytes and other lymphatic organs

43
Q

what is the thyroid

A
  • largest endocrine gland in adults
  • very high blood flow per gram
  • produces mainly T4 hormone
  • increases basal metabolic rate, respiratory rate, heart rate, strength of heart beat, appetitive, breakdown of fuel molecules
  • produces calcitonin for regulation of blood calcium
44
Q

what is the parathyroid

A

parathyroid hormone- regulation of blood calcium

45
Q

what is the adrenal gland

A

inner part is called medulla(20%)
•neuroendocrine cells/ chromatin cells
•release adrenaline/noradrenaline/dopamine
•fff response
outer part is called cortex(80%)
•25 steroid hormones- corticosteroids/corticoids
•aldosterone- control of bp
•cortisol-fat/protein catabolism; gluconegensis; release of FAs/ glucose into blood
•androgens- converts into testosterone in target organs

46
Q

what is the pancreas

A
  • alpha cells- secrete glucagon; stimulated gluconegenosis; release of glucose into the blood, fat catabolism, release of FAs
  • beta cells- secrete insulin; increase cellular uptake of glucose, the synthesis of glycogen
47
Q

what are gonads

A
  • ovaries- secrete estradiol and progesterone

* testes- testosterone

48
Q

what is the chemistry of hormones

A
  1. steroids- derived from cholesterol
  2. peptides- short amino acid chains
  3. monoamides
49
Q

what are hormone receptors

A

modulation of target cell sensitivity
up regulation, in which a cell produces more receptors and increases its own sensitivity to a hormone
down regulation in which a cell reduces the density of its receptors and lessens its sensitivity to a hormone

50
Q

what is up regulation

A
  1. low receptor density , weak response
  2. increase receptor density, increased density
    stronger responce
51
Q

what is down regulation

A

high receptor density, strong response
reduces receptor density, reduces sensitivity
diminished response

52
Q

what’s the nuclei of the hypothalamus

A

paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus

biology (9 decks)

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