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CARDIOVASCULAR Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does the circulatory system consist of

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

and primary function is transport

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2
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of

A

heart and blood vessels

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3
Q

what is the role of transport in the circulatory system

A
  1. co2 and o2 from lungs
  2. nutrients from digestive system
  3. metabolic waste to kidneys
  4. hormones from glands to target tissues
  5. stem cell transport e.g. from bone to cell maturation sites
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4
Q

role of protection in circulatory system

A
  1. inflammation in repose to infection
  2. wbc to destroy pathogens
  3. antibodies and other blood proteins help to destroy pathogens
  4. blood clotting- platelets
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5
Q

regulation of circulatory system

A
  1. fluid distribution in the body
  2. buffering of pH of extracellular fluid
  3. control of body temperature by changing skin blood flow
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6
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

carries blood to and from lungs for gas exchange

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7
Q

what is systemic circulation

A

carries blood to and from all parts of the body

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8
Q

how many times does heart pump blood and beat over 80 years

A

3 billion beats and 200 million litres of blood pumped

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9
Q

what is the position and size of the heart

A
  1. 9cm at base
  2. 13cm from base to apex
  3. 6cm anterior to posterior
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10
Q

what is the heart wall made of

A
  1. pericardium
  2. epicardium
  3. endocardium
  4. myocardium
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11
Q

what is the pericardium

A

a double walled serous membrane with thick outer fibrous layer(pericardial sac/parietal pericardium); contains pericardial fluid; minimises friction during beating; attaches to diaphragm and posteriorly to mediastinal tissue

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12
Q

what is the epicardium

A

visceral pericardium

inner most layer of pericardium

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13
Q

what is the endocardium

A

inner lining of the heart

forms surface of valves

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14
Q

what is the myocardium

A

cardiac muscle

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15
Q

what is the coronary circulation

A
  1. hearts own blood supply and drainage
  2. 250ml/min; 5% of cardiac output; only 0.5% of body weight
  3. coronary arteries
    i. left and right- blood flows during relaxation phase of the ventricles
    ii. blockage leads to engine and myocardial infection
  4. coronary veins
    i. drain via the coronary sinus in to the right atrium
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16
Q

how does the blood flow through the heart

A
  1. blood flows through the superior vena cava
  2. through the right AV tricuspid valve
  3. out through the left pulmonary artery
  4. in through the left pulmonary veins
  5. through the left AV bicuspid valve
  6. through the left ventricle
  7. out through the aorta
  8. back through the inferior and superior vena cava
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17
Q

what are the cardiac muscle cells made from

A
  1. myocytes; thick(10-20μm) and short (50-100μm); branched ends that connect to the other myocytes
  2. connected via intercalated discs
    i. interdigitating folds
    ii. mechanical junctions- fascia adherent anchors the actin of thin filaments to the plasma membrane and connects adjacent to cells via transmembrane proteins; desmosomes prevent separation of myocytes
    iii. electrical junctions- gap junctions provide electrical connections that allows the whole atrial ventricular myocardium to act together
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18
Q

what is the conduction system

A
  1. SA nodes fire
  2. excitation spreads through the atrial myocardium
  3. AV nodes
  4. excitation spreads down AV bundle
  5. Purkinje fibre distribute excitation throughout ventricular myocardium
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19
Q

how does the conduction system work

A

the SA node is natural pacemaker of the heart. SA node releases electrical stimuli at a regular rate. Each stimulus passes through the myocardial cells of the atria creating a wave of contraction which rapidly spreads through both atria. SA does eventually reach the AV node and is delayed briefly so that the contracting atria has enough time to pump all the blood I not ventricular walls. Once the atria are empty of the blood, the valves between the atria and ventricles close. At this point, the atria begins to refill and electrical stimulus passes through the AV node and bundle of His into the Bundle branches and Purkinje fibres

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20
Q

Pacemakers

A
  1. SA node fires- triggers normal rhythm called sinus rhythm; 70-80bpm
  2. any other regions of spontaneous firing is called an ectopic focus
  3. AV node can become ectopic focus if SA node is damaged; nodal rhythm; 40-50bpm
  4. other regions can fire at 20-40bpm- not enough to maintain adequate blood supply to brain - needs artificial pacemaker
  5. abnormal rhythms are called arrhythmias
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21
Q

Myocite action potential

A
  1. voltage gated Na+ channel opens
  2. Na+ inflow depolarises the membrane and triggers the opening of still more Na+ channels, creating a positive feedback cycle and a rapidly rising membrane voltage
  3. Na+ channels close when the cell depolarises, and the voltage peaks at nearly +30mV
  4. Ca2+ entering through slow Ca2+ channels prolongs the depolarisation of membrane, creating plateau. Plateau slightly falls because of some K+ leakage, but most K+ channels remain closed until end of plateau
  5. Ca2+ channels close and Ca2+ is transported out of cell. K+channels open, and rapid K+ outflow returns membrane to its resting potential
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22
Q

Ventricular volume changes

A
  1. end-systolic volume= 60ml
  2. 30ml added by passive flow from atria during diastole
  3. 40ml added during atrial systole
  4. end diastolic volume= 130ml
  5. stroke volume= 70ml
  6. ESV=60ml
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23
Q

What is end systolic volume

A

volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of contraction or systole and the beginning of filling or diastole

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24
Q

What is end diastolic volume

A

amount of blood that’s in the ventricles before the heart contracts

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25
Q

what is stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat

amount of blood ejected per minute

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26
Q

What is cardiac output

A

its the amount of blood ejected per minute

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27
Q

what is CO

A

CO=HR X SV

28
Q

by how much can CO increase by

A

21L/min with exercise and 35L/min in an athlete

29
Q

the control of CO-HR

A

> 100bpm- tachycardia

<60bpm- bradycardia

30
Q

what are the factors that raise/lower HR

A

raise- +ve chronotropic agent

lower- -ve chronotropic agent

31
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

32
Q

what is sympathetic

A

it increases HR by affecting SA node

33
Q

what is parasympathetic

A

decreases HR by affecting SA node

34
Q

What are the receptors that feedback to CNS and activate ANS

A

proprioceptors, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors

35
Q

what is proprioceptors

A

affects joint activity

36
Q

what is baroreceptors

A

pressure sensors

37
Q

what is chemoreceptors

A

CO2

38
Q

What chemicals affect HR

A

hormones, K+, Ca2+

39
Q

what hormones affect HR

A

Hormones from adrenal medulla- adrenaline and noradrenaline

40
Q

How does K+ affect HR

A

hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia causes decrease in HR

41
Q

How does Ca2+ affect HR

A

hypercalcaemia causes decreased HR and vice versa

42
Q

what are the three variables that the control of cardiac output and stroke volume depends on

A
  1. preload
  2. contractility
  3. afterload
43
Q

what Is preload

A

amount of passive tension in the ventricular myocardium; depends on EDV and venous return; more preload means more active tension and therefore more SV
Frank starling law sv∞edv

44
Q

what is contractility

A

how hard the myocardium contracts fro a given preload; reflects the change in tension caused by other factors; factors that increase contractility are called +ve inotropic ages and those that decrease it are called -ve inotropic agents

45
Q

what is a strong +ve inotropic agent

A

Ca2+; adrenaline and noradrenaline from adrenal medulla

46
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system

A

+ve inotrope

47
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

-ve inotrope

48
Q

what is afterload

A

the blood pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery; increases afterload opposes the opening of the semilunar valves and limits SV

49
Q

what are desmosomes

A

prevent separation of myocytes

50
Q

what do gap junctions do

A

provide electrical connection that allow the whole atrial and ventricular myocardium to act together

51
Q

where do the SA nodes fire through

A

below right atrium from the sinoatrial node (pacemaker)

52
Q

what are the parts of the conduction system

A

sinoatrial node – atrial myocardium – atrioventricular node – atrioventricular bundle – Purkinje fibres – bundle ranchers– left atrium

53
Q

internal jugular vein

A

takes blood to the superior vena cava which takes blood to the heart

54
Q

common carotid artery

A

main artery that supplies blood to head and neck

55
Q

where does deoxygenated blood leave from

A

from right ventricle of heart and travels through pulmonary artery to the lungs where blood is oxygenated

56
Q

where does blood travel from in the systemic circulation

A

blood travels from left ventricle and goes to other regions of the body

57
Q

what are arteries

A

they are vascular tubes that take away blood from the heart

58
Q

what are veins

A

they return blood to the heart

59
Q

what’s the first vessels that leave the heart

A

aorta which is part of the arterial system

60
Q

where do arteries receive blood from

A

aorta

61
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

atrial contraction
isovolumetric contraction
ventricular contraction (ventricular systole)
ventricular ejection
isovolumetric relaxation (ventricular diastole)
ventricular filling

62
Q

what is ventricular systole

A

it follows the depolarisation of the ventricles and is represented by QRS complex in the ECG

63
Q

What is ESV

A

volume of blood remaining in the ventricle following the contraction

64
Q

what is ventricular diastole

A

as the ventricular muscle relaxes, following repolarisation of the ventricles, it is represented by the T wave of the ECG

65
Q

Cardiac cycle and ECG

A

initially both atria and ventricle are relaxed (diastole). The P wave represent depolarisation of the atria and is followed by atrial contraction (systole). Atrial systole extend until the QRS complex, at which point the atria relax. The QRS complex represents depolarisation of the ventricles and marks beginning of ventricular relaxation

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