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biology > BLOOD AND BLOOD VESSELS > Flashcards

BLOOD AND BLOOD VESSELS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is haemotology

A

study of blood and its disorders

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2
Q

what is liquid connective tissue

A

cellular component+ extracellular matrix

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3
Q

what is cellular/ formed elements

A

cells+ cell fragments

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4
Q

what is matrix

A

plasma= clear, light yellow fluid; serum= clotting protein fibrinogen

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5
Q

what are the types of formed elements

A
  1. erythrocytes (RBC)
  2. Platelets
  3. leukocytes (WBC)
    i. granulocytes
    a. neutrophils
    b. eosinophils
    c. basophils
    ii. agranulocytes
    a. lymphovytes
    b. monocytes
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6
Q

what is haematrocrit

A

% by volume of erythrocytes in blood

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7
Q

what is the typical haematocrit

A

37-52%

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8
Q

Plasma proteins

A

6-9g/dl; produced by liver except for gamma globulins

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9
Q

where are gamma globulins produces

A

by B lymphocytes

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10
Q

what are the three major categories of plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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11
Q

What is albumin

A

most abundant; transports various solutes; buffers pH; significant contributions to viscosity and osmolarity of blood

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12
Q

What are globulins

A

alpha, beta and gamma; solute transport, clotting and immunity

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13
Q

What is fibrinogen

A

precursor of fibrin; forms structural component of blood clot

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14
Q

Alpha globulins

A

haptoglobulin- tranports hemoglobin released by dead erythrocytes
ceruloplasmin- transports copper
prothrombin- promotes blood clotting
others- transports lipids, fat soluble vitamins and hromones

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15
Q

beat globulins

A

transferrin- transport iron
complement proteins- aid in destruction of toxins and microorganisms
others- transports lipids

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16
Q

Gamma globulins

A

antibodies; combat pathogens

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17
Q

What is viscosity

A

can be thought of as thickness/ stickiness; whole blood 4.5-5.5 times more viscous than water- mainly due to RBCs; plasma 2 times more vicious- mainly due to albumin

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18
Q

what is osmolarity

A

measure of concentration of non diffusible solutes, ie those that cannot cross the capillary wall; mainly due to sodium ions, proteins and RBCs. important to maintain blood volume and therefore blood pressure

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19
Q

What is haemopoeisis

A

formation of blood

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20
Q

haemopoeisis

A
  1. 400 billion platelets, 200 billions RBCs, 10 billions WBCs formed per day
  2. red bone marrow produced all seven formed elements- myeloid haemopoeisis
  3. lymphatic tissues (thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and lymphatic tissue in mucus membrane) produce lymphocytes - lymphoid haemopoiesis
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21
Q

platelets

A

pluripotent – megakaryoblast– megakaryocyte

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22
Q

What is hemostasis

A

a. vasoconstriction of a broken blood vessel reduced bleeding
b. a platelet plug forms as platelets become enmeshed in fibrin threads. this forms a longer lasting seal and gives the vessel a chance t repair itself

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23
Q

Blood groups

A

there are many antigens on RBCs

if blood is given from one person to another, antibody-antigen reactions can lead to agglutination of RBCs

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24
Q

What are antigens

A

regions that give rise to specific antibodies

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25
Q

what are the different blood groups

A
  1. ABO groups
    a. antigens A/B
    b. type A,B,AB,O
  2. A produces anti B
  3. B produces anti A
  4. O- produces anti A/B
  5. AB- produces no antibodies to A/B
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26
Q

Bood group

A

Type O is the universal donor
type AB is the universal recipient
other groups such as rhesus are considered when matching donors and recipients to minimise transfusion reactions

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27
Q

What is the structure of blood vessels

A
  1. Tunica interna (intima)
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
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28
Q

what is tunica interna

A

squamous epithelium (endothelium) + basement membrane; selectively permeable barrier

29
Q

what is tunica media

A

usually the thickest; smooth muscle + collagen (+ elastic tissue); strengthens vessels; resists blood pressure; allows change of radius- vasomotor; blood flow is proportional to the fourth power of radius

30
Q

what is tunica externa

A

loose connective tissue; anchors vessels; transmits nerves, lymphatic, and the vas vasorum

31
Q

why are they called formed element

A

because they are enclosed in a plasma membrane and have a visible structure

32
Q

what are platelets

A

they are fragments of certain bone marrow cells

33
Q

how can formed elements be separated

A

centrifuge; rbc are more dense than blood plasma and are at bottom of tube and constitute about 45% of volume

34
Q

what makes up the Buffy coat

A

wbc and platelets above the rbc layer

35
Q

blood is about __% plasma and __% formed elements b volume

A

55 and 45

36
Q

what do the formed elements include

A

erythrocytes, platelets and five kinds of leukocytes

37
Q

what is erythropoiesis

A

erythrocyte production; normally generated about 2.5 million rbc per second

38
Q

what does blood consist of

A

plasma and formed elements

39
Q

what does plasma consist of

A

water, proteins and dissolved materials such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, electrolytes

40
Q

plasma makes up about __% of blood

A

55

41
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets

42
Q

where is the heart located

A

in a fibrous sac known as the parietal pericardium which has an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer

43
Q

what is the outer surface of the heart called

A

epicardium; visceral pericardium

44
Q

where does the deoxygenated blood enter through the heart

A

right atrium by three vessels; superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

45
Q

why are the walls of the right atrium thin

A

they only have to pump blood to the right ventricle

46
Q

what is the tricuspid valve made of

A

three cusps; chord tendinae, and papillary muscles that hold the chordae tendinae to the ventricle wall

47
Q

where does the blood pass from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk

A

the semilunar valve

48
Q

when the left ventricle contracts, where does the blood pass through into the ascending aorta

A

aortic semilunar valve

49
Q

why do arteries have which walls

A

due to higher pressure found in them

50
Q

what is the outer layer of the artery called

A

tunica externa (adventia)

51
Q

the middle layer of the artery is…

A

tunica media

52
Q

what is the inner most layer of the artery

A

tunica intima (interna)

53
Q

what is the special elastic layer called in the tunica interna

A

lamina elastic interna

54
Q

what is the area in the artery called

A

lumen

55
Q

what are capillary composed of

A

squamous epithelium (called endothelium)

56
Q

what are the three types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

57
Q

what are the two types of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

58
Q

what are the major type of white cells

A 
neutrophils
lymphocytes
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
59
Q

what are the lymphatic tissues

A

thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen and lymphatic tissues in mucus membranes

60
Q

what do the lymphatic tissues produce

A

lymphocytes- lymphoid haemopoeises

61
Q

what does the red bone marrow produce

A

all 7 formed elements- myeloid process

62
Q

what is the name of the process of abc making the 7 formed elements

A

myeloid process

63
Q

name of process of lymphatic tissues producing lymphocytes

A

lymphoid haemopoeisis

64
Q

what are the different type of blood clotting

A

vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation

65
Q

what is vascular spasm

A

vasoconstriction of a broken vessel that reduces bleeding

66
Q

what is platelet plug formation

A

platelet plug forms as platelets adhere to exposed collagen fibres of vessel wall. Platelet plug temporarily seals the break

67
Q

what is coagulation

A

as blood clot forms as platelet becomes enmeshed in fibrin threads. This forms a longer lasting seal and gives vessel time to repair

68
Q

what’s the inner most layer of the artery

A

tunica intima and it has a special elastic layer called the lamina elastic Interna

biology (9 decks)

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