MOLECULES OF LIFE Flashcards
what is anatomy
study of structure of living things
what are the levels of structures
organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule, atom
what are our chordate characteristics
- pharyngeal arches
- tail that extends beyond anus
- A notochord
- dorsal hollow nerve chord
first three features are only found in embryo and fetes; only nerve cord persists through life as spinal chord and brain
what are the pharyngeal arches
a series of bulges that develop in the pharyngeal (throat) region. Pharyngeal pushes between these open and form gill slits in fish amphibians, bu tho in humans
what is a tailbone
tail that extends beyond anus; small bones of coccyx remain after birth as a remnant of this
what is a notochord
a dorsal, flexible rod found only in the embryo
what Is a dorsal hollow nerve cord
a column of nervous tissue that passes along the dorsal (upper) side of the body was has a central canal filled with fluid
what are other chordates
fish lizards and birds
what are our vertebrate characteristics
- well developed brain and sense organs
- internal skeleton
- jointed vertebral column (spine)
- protective, bony enclosure for the brain- cranium
what are other vertebra
fish, reptiles, birds and mammals
what are our mammalian characteristics
- mammary glands
- hair
- endothermy
- heterodonty
- jawbone
- three middle ear bones
mammary glands
useful for nourishing young with milk
hair
serves in most mammals to retain body heat
endothermy
ability to generate most body heat by metabolic means instead of having to warm up by sun
heterodonty
possession of varies types of teeth specialises to eat food. they make chemical digestion faster. rapid digestion is necessary to support high metabolic rate needed to maintain endothermic animals
jawbone
also known as mandible
three middle ear bones
known as hammer, anvil and stirrup
less that ___ % of animals are mammals
0.2
what are other mammals
monkeys,dogs,rats and horses
what are our primate characteristics
- four upper and lower incisors , front cutting teeth
- pair of functional clavicles
- two mammary glands
- forward facing eyes with stereoscopic vision
- flat nails in place of claws
- opposable thumbs that can touch the fingertips, enabling hand to encircle and grasp objects
what are out hominid characteristics
large brans, speech, tool making
bipedalism
what is the reference man
healthy male 22y/o
70kg
mean ambient temperature of 20 light physical activity
2800 k/cal per day
reference female
healthy 22/yo 58kg 20 degrees physical activity 2000k/cal per day
what is homeostasis
body ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions
what is dynamic equilibrium
physiological values fluctuate very closely around an average value
what is negative feedback
process which body senses a change and activates mechanisms that reverse it
what is the process of negative feedback
receptor
integrating (control) centre
effector
feedback loop
what is the receptor
senses change
what is the control centre
processes signals and compares to reference value
what is the effector
carries out corrective action
what is the control of blood pressure
baroreceptors above hear respond to drop in bp
signals sent to cardiac centre of brainstream
cardiac centre accelerated heart beat
what is positive feedback
physiological change lead to even greater change in the same direction. used when rapid change is needed
what is the anatomical position
stand erect with feet flat on floor
arms at sides
plans face and eyes facing forwards
what does the axial region consist of
head, neck (cervical region) and trunk
what is the trunk divided into
thoracic region above diaphragm and abdominal region below it
what does appendicular region consist of
upper and Lower limbs (appendages and extremities)
what is the upper limb
arm (brachial region) forearm (antebrachial) wrist (carpal) hand (manual) fingers (digits)
what is the lower limb
thigh (femoral region)
leg (crural)
ankle (tarsal)
foot (pedal)
what are the body cavities
cranial cavity vertebral cavity thoracic cavity (pleural cavities) (pericardial cavities) abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal cavity) (pelvic cavity)
cranial cavity
brain
vertebral canal
spinal cord
what is the membranous line of the brain and spinal cord
meninges
what is the membranous lining of the lungs
pleurae
what is the membranous lining of the heart
pericardium
what is the membranous lining of the digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, bladder, rectum and reproductive organs
peritoneum
what are the associated viscera of the pleural cavities
lungs
what are the associated viscera of pericardial cavity
heart
what are the associated viscera of abdominal cavity
digestive organs, spleen, kidneys
what are the associated viscera of the pelvic cavity
bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
what are serous membranes
they secrete lubricating fluid (similar to blood serum)
what are the molecules of life
H20
Water
- 50-70% of the body water
- nearly all reaction in body take place with water as solvent
- water allows molecules to move throughout body
what is a hydrophilic substance
it dissolves in water eg sugars
what is a hydrophobic substance
doesn’t dissolve in water eg fats
what is the structure of carbohydrates
(CH20)n eg glucose
polysaccharides eg glycogen
what are the different types of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
conjugates carbohydrates
what are the three different types of monosaccharides
glucose- blood sugar energy source for most cells
galactose- converted to glucose and metabolised
fructose- fruit sugar converted to glucose and metabolised
what are the three different disaccharides
sucrose- cane sugar digested to glucose and fructose
lactose - digested to glucose and galactose important in infant nutrition
maltose- product of starch digestion, further digested to glucose
what are the three different polysaccharides
cellulose- structural polysaccharide of plants, dietary fibre
starch- energy storage in plant cells
glycogen- energy storage in animal cells (liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vagina)
what are the three different conjugated carbohydrates
glycoprotein- component of the cell surface car and mucus, among other roles
glycolipid- component of the cell surface coat
proteoglycan- cell adhesion; lubrication; supportive filler of some tissues and organs
carbohydrates - energy
- glucose can be metabolised to yield ATP- this is called glycolysis
- ATP- adenosine triphosphate is body energy currency
what are the types of lipids/ fats
bile acids, cholesterol, eicosanoids, fat soluble vitamins, fatty acids, phospholipids, steroid hormones, triglycerides
what are bile acids
steroid that aid in fat digestion and nutrient absorption
wha is cholesterol
component of cell membranes; precursor of other steroids
what are eicosanoids
chemical messenger between cells
what are fat soluble vitamins
involved in a variety of functions including blood clotting, wound healing, vision, and calcium absorption
what are fatty acids
precursor of triglycerides; source of energy
what are phospholipids
major component of cell members; aid in fat digestion
what are steroid hormones
chemical messenger between cells
what are triglycerides
energy storage: thermal insulation: filling space; binding organs together; cushioning organs
what are protein structures
polymer of amino acids
protein s- catalysts
- enzyme and substrate
- enzyme-substrate complex
- enzyme and reaction products
proteins lower activation energy resulting in faster reaction
what are nucleic acids
polymers of nucleotides
what are the functions or proteins
- structure- keratin, collagen
- communication- hormones eg insulin
- membrane transport channels
- catalysts eg glucokinase
- recognition/ protection- glycoproteins
- movement- actin/myosin, microtubules
- cell adhesion eg sperm binding to an egg cell
functions or proteins
structure communication membrane tranport catalysts recognition/protection movement cell adhesion
superior
above
inferior
below
medial
being close to midline
lateral
to the side
anterior/ ventral
to the front
posterior/dorsa
to the back
superficial
near to the surface
deep
to the core of body
proximal
closer to trunk
distal
ends of extremities
transverse section
cuts horizontally
coronal/frontal section
anterior and posterior parts
sagital section
left and right
what are cells
structural and functional units of life
what are the regions of the abdomen
hypochondriac, lunar/lateral, inguinal/iliac, umbilical, epigastric, hypogastric
what is the hypochondriac region
below the cartilage
lunar/lateral abdominal
inferior to hypochondriac regions known as love handles
inguinal/iliac
below lumbar region
umbilical region
middle of abdomen
epigastric region
above umbilival region
hypogastric
below umbilici region
what is the skeletal system
consists of all bones of body
what is the nervous system
consists of nerves spinal cord and brain
what is the lymphatic system
consists of lymph glands, conducting tubes called lymphatics, and organs such as the spleen
what is the muscular system
consists of individual skeletal muscles as organs such as the pectorals major and deltoid
what is the integumentary system and digestive system
skin and other structures and involves the breakdown and absorption of food with organs such oesophagus and stomach
what is the endocrine system
made of glands that secrete hormones such as thyroid gland and adrenal glands
what is the respiratory system
involves transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood
what is the cardiovascular system
heart and associated blood vessels which circulated blood throughout body
what is the urinary system
consists of bladder and urethra
what is the reproductive system
consists of reproductive system; testes and ovaries
