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biology > MOLECULES OF LIFE > Flashcards

MOLECULES OF LIFE Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is anatomy

A

study of structure of living things

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2
Q

what are the levels of structures

A

organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule, atom

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3
Q

what are our chordate characteristics

A
  1. pharyngeal arches
  2. tail that extends beyond anus
  3. A notochord
  4. dorsal hollow nerve chord
    first three features are only found in embryo and fetes; only nerve cord persists through life as spinal chord and brain
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4
Q

what are the pharyngeal arches

A

a series of bulges that develop in the pharyngeal (throat) region. Pharyngeal pushes between these open and form gill slits in fish amphibians, bu tho in humans

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5
Q

what is a tailbone

A

tail that extends beyond anus; small bones of coccyx remain after birth as a remnant of this

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6
Q

what is a notochord

A

a dorsal, flexible rod found only in the embryo

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7
Q

what Is a dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

a column of nervous tissue that passes along the dorsal (upper) side of the body was has a central canal filled with fluid

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8
Q

what are other chordates

A

fish lizards and birds

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9
Q

what are our vertebrate characteristics

A
  1. well developed brain and sense organs
  2. internal skeleton
  3. jointed vertebral column (spine)
  4. protective, bony enclosure for the brain- cranium
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10
Q

what are other vertebra

A

fish, reptiles, birds and mammals

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11
Q

what are our mammalian characteristics

A
  1. mammary glands
  2. hair
  3. endothermy
  4. heterodonty
  5. jawbone
  6. three middle ear bones
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12
Q

mammary glands

A

useful for nourishing young with milk

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13
Q

hair

A

serves in most mammals to retain body heat

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14
Q

endothermy

A

ability to generate most body heat by metabolic means instead of having to warm up by sun

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15
Q

heterodonty

A

possession of varies types of teeth specialises to eat food. they make chemical digestion faster. rapid digestion is necessary to support high metabolic rate needed to maintain endothermic animals

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16
Q

jawbone

A

also known as mandible

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17
Q

three middle ear bones

A

known as hammer, anvil and stirrup

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18
Q

less that ___ % of animals are mammals

A

0.2

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19
Q

what are other mammals

A

monkeys,dogs,rats and horses

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20
Q

what are our primate characteristics

A
  1. four upper and lower incisors , front cutting teeth
  2. pair of functional clavicles
  3. two mammary glands
  4. forward facing eyes with stereoscopic vision
  5. flat nails in place of claws
  6. opposable thumbs that can touch the fingertips, enabling hand to encircle and grasp objects
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21
Q

what are out hominid characteristics

A

large brans, speech, tool making

bipedalism

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22
Q

what is the reference man

A

healthy male 22y/o
70kg
mean ambient temperature of 20 light physical activity
2800 k/cal per day

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23
Q

reference female

A 
healthy 22/yo
58kg
20 degrees
physical activity
2000k/cal per day
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24
Q

what is homeostasis

A

body ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions

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25
Q

what is dynamic equilibrium

A

physiological values fluctuate very closely around an average value

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26
Q

what is negative feedback

A

process which body senses a change and activates mechanisms that reverse it

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27
Q

what is the process of negative feedback

A

receptor
integrating (control) centre
effector
feedback loop

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28
Q

what is the receptor

A

senses change

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29
Q

what is the control centre

A

processes signals and compares to reference value

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30
Q

what is the effector

A

carries out corrective action

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31
Q

what is the control of blood pressure

A

baroreceptors above hear respond to drop in bp
signals sent to cardiac centre of brainstream
cardiac centre accelerated heart beat

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32
Q

what is positive feedback

A

physiological change lead to even greater change in the same direction. used when rapid change is needed

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33
Q

what is the anatomical position

A

stand erect with feet flat on floor
arms at sides
plans face and eyes facing forwards

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34
Q

what does the axial region consist of

A

head, neck (cervical region) and trunk

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35
Q

what is the trunk divided into

A

thoracic region above diaphragm and abdominal region below it

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36
Q

what does appendicular region consist of

A

upper and Lower limbs (appendages and extremities)

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37
Q

what is the upper limb

A 
arm (brachial region)
forearm (antebrachial)
wrist (carpal)
hand (manual)
fingers (digits)
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38
Q

what is the lower limb

A

thigh (femoral region)
leg (crural)
ankle (tarsal)
foot (pedal)

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39
Q

what are the body cavities

A 
cranial cavity
vertebral cavity
thoracic cavity
(pleural cavities)
(pericardial cavities)
abdominopelvic cavity
(abdominal cavity)
(pelvic cavity)
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40
Q

cranial cavity

A

brain

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41
Q

vertebral canal

A

spinal cord

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42
Q

what is the membranous line of the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

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43
Q

what is the membranous lining of the lungs

A

pleurae

44
Q

what is the membranous lining of the heart

A

pericardium

45
Q

what is the membranous lining of the digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, bladder, rectum and reproductive organs

A

peritoneum

46
Q

what are the associated viscera of the pleural cavities

A

lungs

47
Q

what are the associated viscera of pericardial cavity

A

heart

48
Q

what are the associated viscera of abdominal cavity

A

digestive organs, spleen, kidneys

49
Q

what are the associated viscera of the pelvic cavity

A

bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

50
Q

what are serous membranes

A

they secrete lubricating fluid (similar to blood serum)

51
Q

what are the molecules of life

A

H20

52
Q

Water

A
  • 50-70% of the body water
  • nearly all reaction in body take place with water as solvent
  • water allows molecules to move throughout body
53
Q

what is a hydrophilic substance

A

it dissolves in water eg sugars

54
Q

what is a hydrophobic substance

A

doesn’t dissolve in water eg fats

55
Q

what is the structure of carbohydrates

A

(CH20)n eg glucose

polysaccharides eg glycogen

56
Q

what are the different types of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
conjugates carbohydrates

57
Q

what are the three different types of monosaccharides

A

glucose- blood sugar energy source for most cells
galactose- converted to glucose and metabolised
fructose- fruit sugar converted to glucose and metabolised

58
Q

what are the three different disaccharides

A

sucrose- cane sugar digested to glucose and fructose
lactose - digested to glucose and galactose important in infant nutrition
maltose- product of starch digestion, further digested to glucose

59
Q

what are the three different polysaccharides

A

cellulose- structural polysaccharide of plants, dietary fibre
starch- energy storage in plant cells
glycogen- energy storage in animal cells (liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vagina)

60
Q

what are the three different conjugated carbohydrates

A

glycoprotein- component of the cell surface car and mucus, among other roles
glycolipid- component of the cell surface coat
proteoglycan- cell adhesion; lubrication; supportive filler of some tissues and organs

61
Q

carbohydrates - energy

A
  • glucose can be metabolised to yield ATP- this is called glycolysis
  • ATP- adenosine triphosphate is body energy currency
62
Q

what are the types of lipids/ fats

A

bile acids, cholesterol, eicosanoids, fat soluble vitamins, fatty acids, phospholipids, steroid hormones, triglycerides

63
Q

what are bile acids

A

steroid that aid in fat digestion and nutrient absorption

64
Q

wha is cholesterol

A

component of cell membranes; precursor of other steroids

65
Q

what are eicosanoids

A

chemical messenger between cells

66
Q

what are fat soluble vitamins

A

involved in a variety of functions including blood clotting, wound healing, vision, and calcium absorption

67
Q

what are fatty acids

A

precursor of triglycerides; source of energy

68
Q

what are phospholipids

A

major component of cell members; aid in fat digestion

69
Q

what are steroid hormones

A

chemical messenger between cells

70
Q

what are triglycerides

A

energy storage: thermal insulation: filling space; binding organs together; cushioning organs

71
Q

what are protein structures

A

polymer of amino acids

72
Q

protein s- catalysts

A
  1. enzyme and substrate
  2. enzyme-substrate complex
  3. enzyme and reaction products
    proteins lower activation energy resulting in faster reaction
73
Q

what are nucleic acids

A

polymers of nucleotides

74
Q

what are the functions or proteins

A
  1. structure- keratin, collagen
  2. communication- hormones eg insulin
  3. membrane transport channels
  4. catalysts eg glucokinase
  5. recognition/ protection- glycoproteins
  6. movement- actin/myosin, microtubules
  7. cell adhesion eg sperm binding to an egg cell
75
Q

functions or proteins

A 
structure
communication
membrane tranport
catalysts
recognition/protection
movement
cell adhesion
76
Q

superior

A

above

77
Q

inferior

A

below

78
Q

medial

A

being close to midline

79
Q

lateral

A

to the side

80
Q

anterior/ ventral

A

to the front

81
Q

posterior/dorsa

A

to the back

82
Q

superficial

A

near to the surface

83
Q

deep

A

to the core of body

84
Q

proximal

A

closer to trunk

85
Q

distal

A

ends of extremities

86
Q

transverse section

A

cuts horizontally

87
Q

coronal/frontal section

A

anterior and posterior parts

88
Q

sagital section

A

left and right

89
Q

what are cells

A

structural and functional units of life

90
Q

what are the regions of the abdomen

A

hypochondriac, lunar/lateral, inguinal/iliac, umbilical, epigastric, hypogastric

91
Q

what is the hypochondriac region

A

below the cartilage

92
Q

lunar/lateral abdominal

A

inferior to hypochondriac regions known as love handles

93
Q

inguinal/iliac

A

below lumbar region

94
Q

umbilical region

A

middle of abdomen

95
Q

epigastric region

A

above umbilival region

96
Q

hypogastric

A

below umbilici region

97
Q

what is the skeletal system

A

consists of all bones of body

98
Q

what is the nervous system

A

consists of nerves spinal cord and brain

99
Q

what is the lymphatic system

A

consists of lymph glands, conducting tubes called lymphatics, and organs such as the spleen

100
Q

what is the muscular system

A

consists of individual skeletal muscles as organs such as the pectorals major and deltoid

101
Q

what is the integumentary system and digestive system

A

skin and other structures and involves the breakdown and absorption of food with organs such oesophagus and stomach

102
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

made of glands that secrete hormones such as thyroid gland and adrenal glands

103
Q

what is the respiratory system

A

involves transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood

104
Q

what is the cardiovascular system

A

heart and associated blood vessels which circulated blood throughout body

105
Q

what is the urinary system

A

consists of bladder and urethra

106
Q

what is the reproductive system

A

consists of reproductive system; testes and ovaries

biology (9 decks)

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