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Histology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the kidney and urinary tract

A
  1. Maintain water and electrolyte homeostasis, body fluid osmolarity and acid-base balance
  2. Excrete toxic metabolic waste products (mainly urea and creatinine)
  3. Act as an endocrine gland, producing renin and erythropoietin
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2
Q

What functions do the urinary tract accomplish and how does it do this ?

A
  1. Maintain water and electrolyte homeostasis, body fluid osmolarity and acid-base balance
  2. Excrete toxic metabolic waste products (mainly urea and creatinine)

Does this by the production, storage and voiding of urine

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3
Q

Kidney gross structure - shape and location

A

Kidney bean shaped in upper retroperitoneal area

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4
Q

Kidney gross structure- hilum

A

Entry of renal artery and exit of renal vein and ureter

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5
Q

Name structures going towards kidney from ureter

A

Renal pelvis, major calyces and minor calyces

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6
Q

What are main two areas of kidney called

A

Cortex and medulla

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7
Q

Medulla is divided into what

A

Medullary pyramids

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8
Q

Each medullary pyramid and it’s associated cortical tissue is considered what?

A

A lobe of the kidney

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9
Q

What is the kidney covered by?

A

Fibrous capsule

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10
Q

What are medullary rays?

A

Collection of collecting ducts and straight segments of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

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11
Q

Where in the kidney are the medullary rays found?

A

The cortex

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12
Q

What is the nephron?

A

The basic functional unit of the kidney

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13
Q

What is the nephron composed off?

A

The renal corpuscle and renal tubules

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14
Q

What is the principal role of the renal corpuscle?

A

Production and collection of glomerular filtrate

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15
Q

What is the renal corpuscle composed off?

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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16
Q

What is the glomerulus

A

Tuft of capillaries

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17
Q

What is the Bowman’s capsule

A

Cup of simple squamous epithelium at the blind end of the nephron which the capillaries invaginate into

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18
Q

What supplies the tuft of capillaries?

A

Afferent arterioles

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19
Q

What drains the tuft of capillaries?

A

The efferent arterioles

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20
Q

How many cell layers separate the blood from the glomerular filtrate and what are their names

A

Two

Capillary endothelium and specialised epithelium (lies ontop of glomerular capillaries)

  • these epithelia cells are called podocytes
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21
Q

What is a special feature of the endothelium?

A

It is fenestrated with pores

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22
Q

What is a special feature of the podocytes?

A

Have interdigitating cell processes forming filtration slits

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23
Q

What cells are scattered in the renal corpuscle that produce a connective tissue core and what is this core called?

A

Mesangial cells

Mesangium

24
Q

What are the functions of mesangial cells?

A

Support and removal of debris

25
Q

There are two poles in the renal corpuscle what are these two poles called?

A

Vascular pole and urinary pole

26
Q

Podocytes are said to have what appearance ?

A

Lightly coloured and their cell processes produce a saw tooth appearance

27
Q

The glomerular filter has 3 components

A

Fenestrated endothelium of capillary wall

Thick basement membrane

Filtration slits between pedicels

28
Q

What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption of water, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates and glucose

29
Q

What percentage of sodium and water is reabsorbed by the PCT

A

70%

30
Q

What else is reabsorbed by the PCT?

A

Almost all glucose and amino acids

31
Q

Principle Role of Loop of Henle

A

Creation of hypertonic environment in medulla

32
Q

What is the Vasa recta?

A

Loops of thin walled blood vessels that dip down into the medulla from above and then climb back up the cortex

33
Q

Structures in the outer medulla

A

Collecting ducts

Blood vessels of vasa recta

Thin loop of Henle

Proximal and Distal staight tubules

34
Q

Principle Role of the DCT

A

Acid-base and water balance

Absorption of water, Na and bicarbonate, excretion of K and H ions

35
Q

Which is smaller DCT or PCT

A

DCT

36
Q

Which has a clearer lumen PCT or DCT

A

DCT - only have sparse microvilli unlike PCT

37
Q

What does the hormone aldosterone do?

A

Controls the reabsorption of Na+ in the DCT

38
Q

What secretes aldosterone?

A

Adrenal cortex

39
Q

What controls the secretion of Aldosterone ?

A

Renin-angiotensin system

40
Q

A greater Na+ and water retention causes….

A

Increase in blood pressure

41
Q

Role of collecting ducts

A

Controlled reabsorption of water under the control of ADH

42
Q

What hormone increase the permeability of collecting ducts to water and where is it secreted from?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone ( vasopressin) from posterior pituitary

43
Q

What type of urine results in the presence of ADH

A

Concentrated

ADH = high permeability in medulla, because of the high salt content in the surrounding tissue, water passes out of the lumen

44
Q

What is the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Specialized region formed at the site where the distal convoluted tubule passes adjacent to the vascular pole of the same renal corpuscle that forms part of its own nephron

45
Q

The Juxtaglomerular apparatus is made up of three compartments …they are ?

A

The macula densa
The Juxtaglomerular cells
The extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells)

46
Q

Info on macula densa

A

On side of DCT nearest the afferent arteriole the cells of the DCT are taller, crowded together and the nuclei are intensely stained.

Believe to have a function in sensing sodium content of fluid in the DCT

47
Q

Info on Juxtaglomerular cells

A

Modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of afferent arterioles. These cells contain/excrete renin, initiating the renin-angiotensin system.

48
Q

Info on extraglomerular cells (lacis cells )

A

Modified mesangial cells extending outside the renal corpuscle. They contact macula densa and are continuous with mesangial cells inside renal corpuscle.

49
Q

Direction of urine flow from renal papila (where it is produced)

A

Collected in minor caylx, flows into major caylx, ureter and then into bladder .
During voiding it flows into the urethra and exits the body

50
Q

What are the conducting parts of the urinary tract lined with?

A

Transitional epithelium or urothelium - stratified

51
Q

Cells at lumen of urinary tract are called ?

A

Umbrella cells -domed

52
Q

Two reasons for specialised epithelium of urine tract

A
  1. Variability in thickness of cells represents different states of distension
  2. Special surface structures are to provide a highly impermeable barrier
53
Q

Lumen of the ureter has how many layers of smooth muscle

A

2 - an inner longitudinal layer and an outer circular layer

54
Q

Near bladder how many layers of smooth muscle?

A

3 - another outer layer of longitudinal muscle is present

55
Q

What do the smooth muscle layers in the bladder form?

A

The detrusor muscle

56
Q

What is the detrusor muscle responsible for?

A

Micturition

57
Q

In females what does the epithelium. Of the urethra change from ?

A

Transitional epithelium to stratified squamous near the surface of body

Histology (10 decks)

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