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Histology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of the Endocrine gland

A

> Maintain body homeostasis
Help the body to react to stress in concert with nervous system
Regulate growth and development including sexual development and reproduction

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2
Q

How does the endocrine accomplish functions

A

by synthesis and secretion of hormones

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3
Q

Main type of hormones

A

Protein and glycoproteins > insulin
Small peptide hormones > Vasopressin
Hormones derivatives of amino acids > Adrenalin
Steroids derived from cholesterol > Testosterone

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4
Q

Major endocrine organs

A

principal or only role is to produce hormone

thyroid and adrenal gland

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5
Q

Organs with partial but significant edocrine role

A

pancreas, ovary, testes

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6
Q

Diffuse endocrine system

A

scattered cells within organs that fulfil an endocrine function
> enteroendocrine cells of gut

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7
Q

Major endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary Gland
Hypothalmus 
Pineal Gland 
Thyroid Gland 
Parathyroid gland 
Thymus 
Adrenal Gland 
Pancreas 
Gonads- Ovaries and Testes
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8
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

master gland

hormone regulate activity of many other endocrine glands

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9
Q

Where does the pituitary gland sit

A

In the sella turcica of sphenoid bone and is just below hypothalamus

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10
Q

How many lobes does the pituitary gland have ?

A

2 lobes

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11
Q

What are the lobes of the pituitary gland called?

A

Anterior lobe or adenhypophysis

Posterior lobe or neurohypophysis

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12
Q

Andrenohypophysis develops as…

A

an upward pocket of epithelium in the roof of the oral cavity called the Rathke’s Pouch

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13
Q

Neurohypophysis develops as…

A

downwards growth of the hypothalamus and stays attached to the hypothalamus by pituitary stalk

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14
Q

Hormones secreted into the anterior pituitary are controlled by?

A

hormones secreted from hypothalamus above

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15
Q

Factors that control the secretion of the hormones are delivered to the anterior pituitary via…

A

hypothalamic- hypophyseal portal system

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16
Q

Secretory cells of the anterior pituitary and how they stain

A

Acidophils - acid dyes
Basophils - basic dyes
Chromophobes - stain lightly

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17
Q

What are acidophils and basophils collectively known as ?

A

Chromophils

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18
Q

Somatotrophs and Lactotrophs

A

Acidophils

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19
Q

Thyrotrophs, corticotrophs and gonadotrophs

A

Basophils

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20
Q

what is used to identify each cell

A

immunohistochemistry

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21
Q

Posterior pituitary consists of …

and where do these travel

A

axons of nerve cells in Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

down the pituitary stalk and terminate near capillaries in the posterior pituitary

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22
Q

What are the special glial cells in the posterior pituitary called ?

A

Pituicytes

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23
Q

What are herring bodies and what do they represent?

A

They are swellings of axons and they represent the aggregations of oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

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24
Q

What is pars intermedia ?

A

Portion of anterior lobe bordering the posterior lobe

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25
Q

Pars intermedia is a lumen remnant of which pouch?

A

Rathke’s pouch

26
Q

What does pars intermedia contain?

A

Follicles which contain colloid- role unknown

27
Q

What is the functional unit of the thyroid glands?

A

Thyroid follicle, spherical space lined by epithelial cells that are low cuboidal during inactivity but are columnar when active.

28
Q

Thyroid function

A

T3 + T4

regulate cell basal metabolism rate and hear production. Have a role in development and growth

29
Q

Main thyroid hormones

A

Triiodothyronine > T3

Tetraiodothyronine > T4

30
Q

Thyroid cells found adjacent to follicular cells ?

A

C cells or parafollicular cells

31
Q

C cells

A

Clear in H and E

Easy to see in secretions stained for by their secretory product> Calcitonin

32
Q

Calcitonin

A

Inhibits osteoclast activity and lowers blood calcium

33
Q

Where are C cells derived from?

A

derivatives of neural crest > these cells invade thyroid during embryological development

34
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

4 small oval glands on posterior surface of thyroid gland

35
Q

What does the parathyroid gland produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone

- a polypeptide hormone essential for life

36
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

increases serum calcium by
> stimulates release of calcium from bones
> Increases calcium reabsorption
> Increases calcium absorption from gut

37
Q

3 principal cells found in the parathyroid

A

Principal or chief cells
Oxyphils
Adipose cells (occasionally )

38
Q

Principal or chief cells

A

small, lightly stained with dark central nuclei

secrete PTH

39
Q

Oxyphils

A

Large, eosinophil cells, appear at puberty and become more numerous with age
Larger number of mitochondria
Function unknown

40
Q

Adrenal gland

A

cortex and medulla

41
Q

Cortex

A

Formed of epithelial cells

42
Q

Medulla

A

Formed of neural crest cells

modified sympathetic ganglion where the postganglionic neurons have lost their axons and instead release their transmitter (adrenalin and noradrenalin) into the blood

43
Q

Cortex has 3 distinct layers called?

A

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis

44
Q

cortex secret three types of cholesterol based steroid hormones :

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex hormone

45
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

electrolyte and fluid homeostasis
- aldosterone - promotes Na + retention in distal convoluted tubules of kidney

Produced in outer layer of adrenal cortex- Zona glomerulosa

46
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

involved in many aspects of blood
> raising blood glucose, promoting breakdown of proteins and liberation of lipids from fat stores

Produced in middle layer of adrenal cortex, Zona fasciculata - broadest band

47
Q

secretion of cortisol controlled by ?

A

ACTH from anterior pituitary

48
Q

sex hormones

A

Produced by inner thin layer of adrenal cortex, Zona reticularis, produce small amounts of androgens as well as glucocorticoids

49
Q

Zona Glomerulosa

A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

50
Q

Zona Fasciculata

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

51
Q

Zona Reticularis

A

Sex hormones ( various androgens)

52
Q

what type of gland is the pancreas

A

endocrine and exocrine

53
Q

What are the islets of tissue in the endocrine pancreas called?

A

Islet of Langerhans

54
Q

Cells of the endocrine pancreas?

A

Insulin secreting cells
Glucagon secreting cells
Somatostatin secreting cells

55
Q

tInsulin secreting cells

A
  • causes lowering of blood glucose

lack of insulin causes type 1 diabetes mellitus

56
Q

Glucagon secreting cells

A

-causes elevation of blood glucose

released into bloodstream by liver

57
Q

Somatostatin secreting cells

A

Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion but its role is unclear

58
Q

Immunohistochemistry

A

An antibody specific for some markers on or in a specific cell type is used to label tissue secretions

59
Q

Testes

A

produce spermatozoa but also secret testosterone (leydig cells)

60
Q

Ovaries

A

produce ova > secrete female hormones - Oestrogen and progesterone

Histology (10 decks)

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